Black America Essay

I. Introduction A. One significant problem faced among the judicial system is the injustice involving African Americans with sentencing and racial profiling. Not only will the individual and society response be discussed but the expert’s theories and alternative solutions will be included. II. African Americans facing injustice within the judicial system. A. Sentencing for crimes committed compared to other races. 1. Marissa Alexander, a black mother, was sentenced to 20 years in prison after shooting a warning shot to scare her abusive husband. No one was injured in her choice to shoot the warning shoot but Amber Cummings, a 32 year old mother, did not face any jail time for killing her husband who was said to be a white supremacists. 2. Judge Jean Boyd sentenced a young white male, Ethan Couch, after killing 4 individuals while driving drunk, to 10 years of probation and sentence a 14 year old black male to 10 years of prison after punching and killing a man. Ethan Couch prior to the incidents, stole from a store and alcohol level was three times the limit. Neither young men where mentally ill or had justification on the crimes they committed but sentencing was harsher for the young black male. 3. John McNeil, a black father of two, was sentenced to seven years in prison and 13 years of probation in 2005 for murdering a white male that threaten to stab his sons after trespassing on their property while Joe Horn, an elderly white male shot and killed two men that was breaking and entering into his neighbor’s home one night. Horn took it upon himself, even after the 911 operator repeatedly informed him not to interfere in the situation because the cops were on the way, to murder the two men. 2 B. Racial Profiling of African American individuals. 1 Trayvon Martin was a young black teen walking through a neighborhood with a black hoodie and was murdered by George Zimmerman because he believe the young teen was going to commit a crime. George Zimmerman did not serve any jail-time for the murder. 4. African Americans have a higher chance of being stop by police officers when driving and frisking than a White American. Research has found that â€Å"in investigatory stops, a black man age twenty-five or younger has a 28 percent chance of being stopped for an investigatory reason over the course of an year; a similar young white man has 12. 5 percent chance and a similar young white woman has only a 7 percent chance†. (Epp & Maynard, 2014, p. 15) 5. African Americans also has a higher chance of being stalked or watched closely in department stores. For example: Barneys, a high-in department store is now under fire for its practices when facing minorities. Two young African Americans have come forward with their issues faced when shopping in Barneys. One young man, Trayon Christian was put in handcuffs after an employee of Barneys called the police to report a fraudulent credit card used by the African American male and later found out the credit card was real. Kayla Philips purchased a 2300. 00 pursed and was later stop by the police upon leaving the store. (Harris, 2013, p. 1) III. Expert’s Opinion on the problem. A. Both David Harris and Randall Kennedy have research and exam research on the topic of racial profiling. 1 David Harris is a law professor at University of Pittsburg School of Law and has found that in 2003, many of the traffic vehicle stops resulted in illegal substances and goods being found by police officers. When Harris calculated the traffic vehicle stops he came across that White Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 2 of 8 3 Americans contributed to most of the stops and that â€Å"that racial profiling is a counterproductive law enforcement strategy as well as a controversial one. † (Collica, 2012, chp. 4. 3). 2 Randall Kennedy wrote an article in 2011 title, â€Å"†Race and the Administration of Criminal Justice in the United States†. In 2006 he research racial profiling in New York City and found that â€Å"55% of African Americans were stopped by the police and that number is twice the representation of Blacks in the local population. † (Collica, 2012, chp. 4. 3) IV. Society response on the problem. A. Citizens are coming together to form rallies for Justice. 1. Ferguson, Missouri citizens have rallied and protest since the death of Michael Brown, a young African American male who was gunned down by a police officer. 2. Many cities, states and countries rallied after the disappointing verdict of the Trayvon Martin case. V. The public policies in place to rectify the problem. A. In May of 2013, Congress put into play the End Racial Profiling Act. 1. This act was set in place to end racial profiling among law enforcement agencies by: Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 3 of 8 4 a. â€Å"Grants the United States or an individual injured by racial profiling the right to obtain declaratory or injunctive relief. † (â€Å"End of Racial Profiling,† 2013). b. â€Å"Requires federal law enforcement agencies to maintain adequate policies and procedures to eliminate racial profiling and to cease existing practices that permit racial profiling. † (â€Å"End of Racial Profiling,† 2013) VI. Alternative solutions that can assist with the issue. A. Every police office should have a camera inside of their vehicles or a camera on their bodies at all times. If the rules cannot be followed then the police officer should face disciplinary actions. 1. If the police force use the camera in the car and on themselves at all times this will help minimize police brutality. Police Officers will make sure to use proper force in every situation and will not overuse their power as authority figures. B. If a citizen decides to use deadly force against an individual and that individual is killed, that citizen should face jail time, unless that individual posed a threat to their life or others. 1. Citizens find that they can shoot anyone for anything. Unless this person is trying to cause physical harm to them, citizens should not have the authority to use deadly force against anyone. 2. If someone is in a domestic violence situation and the police is called the individual causing harm should automatically be arrested and charges should be placed on that individual. No more allowing the victim the ability to agree or disagree to these charges. Not only will this allow the abuse to get out of the situation, this will also help with future violence†¦including murder. Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 4 of 8 5 C. Police Officers should always use a stun gun or pepper spray whenever they come across an irate individual. 1. Police officers should always use their pepper spray or stun guns when taking down or taking in an unarm individual. Especially if there is more than one officer at the scene of the crime. If someone is resisting arrest use the stun gun or pepper spray to subdue the individual. Let’s stop violence with using more force than necessary. VII. Conclusion A. It has slightly change throughout the years with African American men and women having the right to vote and sit peacefully in a restaurant without being bothered or called names but in all fairness, African American people will always have it hard. Yes, we have an African American president but that does not stop the high numbers of frisking or being stop by the police after purchasing a high dollar amount item because someone believes you could possibly be a thief. Yes, the statistics throughout the years to come might dwindled down but the Black race will be looked down upon and will called criminals because of a few bad apples. The Black race will still continue to be murdered in the streets, unarmed or surrendering with no proper justice because, like the saying, the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior. Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 5 of 8 6 References Collica, K. & Furst, G. (2012). Crime and Society. San Diego CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. It explains criminology and how society responds to crime. It breaks down crime through age, gender, race, education and living conditions. It shows statistics of crime and types of crime and explains how the statistics are measured. Epp, C. , & Maynard-Moody, S. (2014). Driving While Black. Washington Monthly, 46(1/2), 14- 16. Retrieved from http://eds. a. ebscohost. com. proxy- library. ashford. edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? sid=212adf44-d029-44a2-9c35- b2a2e0dc1f07%40sessionmgr4002&vid=6&hid=4203. This article discussed the statistics involving driving and frisking among all races. It breaks down the measurements through race, age, sex, education and living conditions. It discuss how the African American race will always be prejudice upon. Gabbidon, S. L. , Jordan, K. L. , Penn, E. B. , & Higgins, G. E. (2014). Black Supporters of the No-Discrimination Thesis in Criminal Justice: A Portrait of an Understudied Segment of the Black Community. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 25(5), 637. Retrieved from http://cjp. sagepub. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/content/25/5/637. full. pdf+html This article explains the different methods used to measure the African American response to the criminal justice system. Six hundred African American individuals were surveyed and only 26% believes that the criminal justice system is not prejudice against one race. The measurements are broken down into age, education and living conditions. The older generation of African Americans made up most of the 26 percentage. Harris, D. (2013). Shopping While Black. World News with Diane Sawyer, 1. Retrieved from Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 6 of 8 7 http://eds. b. ebscohost. com. proxy-library. ashford. edu/eds/detail/detail? vid=1&sid=e32d3682- cdb2-48b8-8a38- a2f84927e979%40sessionmgr198&hid=104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU. %3d#db=bwh&AN=91694591 This article not only discussed certain African American individuals views and experience with the high in department store Barney’s but also questions a high profile celebrity on his involvement with the company. They question his beliefs and how he feels about the controversy surrounding the company. Rosich, K. J. (2007). Race, Ethnicity, and the Criminal Justice System. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. Retrieved from http://www. asanet. org/images/press/docs/pdf/ASARaceCrime. pdf This article explains the many statistics and research data performed on racism and race relations issues. Statistics are measured through, race, gender, age, education, employment, living conditions and other factors. S-1038 – End Racial Profiling Act of 2013. (2013). Retrieved October 26, 2014, from https://www. congress. gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/1038? q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B %22end+racial+profiling+act+2014%22%5D%7D This article discuss and explains what the End Racial Profiling Act of 2013 is. This act was introduced in May of 2013 with every action that has taken place with voting, amendments and other act created based off it is documented. Black America vs. the Criminal Justice SystemPage 7 of 8.

The Need for Computer Education and Access

The need for computer education and access is not a luxury anymore: it†s a necessity. People from all lifestyles can benefit from the Internet. Recently a local agency was giving a grant expand public access to computer networking. The next question would be is where to place the computers outside of school. Any lifestyle still allows people to have access to the internet. For example mentioned in the articles. A homeless person was able to make her own web page. Which resulted in a job with a good company therefore she was able to get her life back on track. The internet is now considered a necessity because present job skills require familiarity with the internet. According to the article † access to the internet is an important part of civic life as parks, public transit, libraries, and cultural centers†. Another reason the internet is a necessity is community assets. Some examples are crime-fighting efforts within the community, accessibility to investigate crimnial active when buying real estate. According to the chart 10 Community Networks, some networks have been place throughout the Eastern part of the U.S. Accessibility has been made possible for recycling programs for the disabled, low-income neighborhoods, and participates in public web markets. Having public access to the people has had many positive impacts on the society as a whole. It†s helped lifestyles, it†s become a necessity and accessibility had been made possible. The Internet provides information to everyone.

How the Write the UC School Application Essays 2015-2016

The University of California (UC) system comprises many of America’s best public universities. Indeed, schools from the UC system are six of Admissions Hero’s top 20 public colleges. All of the major UC schools have strong programs in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) fields, and the flagship schools (UCLA and UC Berkeley) also have extremely competitive liberal arts, business, and arts majors. Luckily for high school seniors who already have ridiculous amounts of work on their plates, students can apply to every UC school with a single application consisting of only two essay questions (note that UCs don’t use the Common App). Because the application allows for 1000 shared words total between two prompts, there is a bit of strategy involved as to the length of each essay. If you have a stronger or more detailed answer for one of the prompts, it is okay to write more for that essay but ideally, you should devote roughly 550 words to that essay and 450 to the other one. Under no circumstances should you have one essay longer than 600 words and the other one shorter than 400 words—balance is key. Despite the fact that UC schools place a strong emphasis on students’ raw scores and quality of extracurricular activities, the essays are still important for students looking to study in the Golden State. Admissions Hero is here to help – let’s take a look at each prompt. Note: this year’s UC app is essentially identical to last year’s. We’ve updated this year’s post only slightly to reflect new trends in admissions. Read last year’s post here . Describe the world you come from — for example, your family, community or school — and tell us how your world has shaped your dreams and aspirations. (1000 words for both prompts combined) This essay addresses many of the themes that the prompts for the Common App do, and since the UC schools do not use the Common App, you don’t have to worry about any overlap with those essays. This prompt is really asking you to talk about some of your major influences and your interactions within a group. You can certainly use your family as the base for your essay, but you should be careful to really dive deep down into your personal feelings and motivations (as opposed to getting caught up talking mostly about your family members). Many applicants choose to write about their family, though, which means that your essay will have to be extremely well written or delve deeply into your unique personality in order to separate from all of the other applicants covering similar themes. Writing about your school can be a good strategy if you attend a school that has an economically and racially diverse student body. However, if you attend a competitive school with mostly affluent students, it might be difficult to write an essay that will play well with admissions counselors. Writing about a more nuanced and specialized community, perhaps related to some sort of hobby or extracurricular passion, gives you an opportunity to really show off unique and distinctive elements of your personality. For example, you could write an essay about how your participation in the Model United Nations officer corps inspired you to pursue an education and career in international relations. Alternatively, you could discuss how your participation in several online forums for World of Warcraft inspired you to study computer programming so that you can build a â€Å"crowdsourced† video game in the future. So long as you are able to write a detailed and distinctive essay, pretty muc h any type of â€Å"world† that you come from is fair game. The only exceptions are communities that are defined simply by personal traits (and not interaction) such as race or sexual orientation. Since these are personal qualities, an essay on these topics is best saved for the second prompt. Tell us about a personal quality, talent, accomplishment, contribution or experience that is important to you. What about this quality or accomplishment makes you proud, and how does it relate to the person you are? (1000 words for both prompts combined) Unlike the first prompt, this essay can be far more personal, and you really shouldn’t detail your participation or membership in a group or community unless it you have achieved something substantial in it (save such topics for the first essay). As we mentioned before, this prompt could be a place to address intrinsic qualities such as challenges dealing with your race or sexual orientation. You have some leeway as to how you want to approach the discussion of the quality, but be sure to discuss why it makes you proud. That pride can result directly from the quality itself, or indirectly from actions that you have taken or experiences you have had as a result of a personal trait (such as dealing with racism or experiencing gender discrimination). You can also discuss an achievement in an extracurricular activity, however ideally you should write about a different one if you used an extracurricular activity for the first prompt. The â€Å"achievement† doesn’t be some sort of award or high achievement; it just has to be something that provides a compelling platform to discuss yourself. In fact, the most personalized descriptive stories often can arise from seemingly mundane achievements. For example, an essay written about your victory at the state tennis championships can obviously be impressive, but an essay discussing your pride at working for three years to rise from fifth to fourth singles on the tennis team and how the work you put into that made you value persistence can be just as good. The key is to make sure that you can point to specific character developments that arose from your achievement, no matter how small. With these tips, you should be well on your way to writing the perfect UC Supplement. Best of luck from the Admissions Hero team! For more help, feel free to check out last year’s post on How to Tackle the UC Essays or reach out to work 1-on-1 with one of Admissions Hero’s trained college essay specialists .

Finanical Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finanical Management - Essay Example manufactures time series photographic equipment. It is currently at its target debt-equity ratio of 1.3. It is considering building a new 45million manufacturing facility. This new plant is expected to generate after-tax cash flows of 5.7 million to perpetuity. There are three financing options. It will be noted that the flotation charges made from issuing common stock has caused the shortage on the required investment for the new building. Initially, the firm has considered raising funds to finance new building construction, but it seems this option needs some mix re-alignment or additional financing either thru bonds or bank borrowings. Flotation cost is defined as the costs associated with issuance of new securities. It is the portion of the proceeds associated with the size of the spread. It includes costs incurred by the underwriting company in marketing the stocks. Annual coupon rate 9% YTM 20 yrs. Purchase value $950.00 Face value $1000.00 Current yield 9.474% Yield to maturity 9.570% A criterion for evaluation of NPV is when NPV is more than zero, accept the project when it is positive, and when the NPV is negative, reject the project. NPV also gives us an idea if the total net present value can finance the project cost. (Van Horne) M & M contends that capital structure is irrelevant, and that the value of the firm depends on its total asset and not by its capital structures. In the diagram above of two firms, both are levered by equity and debt and have similar financial capital structure. The only difference that could be observed is how they finance their operation. In diagram A, 70% is levered by stock

Civil Partnership and Marriage are the Same Essay

Civil Partnership and Marriage are the Same - Essay Example To be eligible for a civil partnership, the parties should be of the same sex, be unmarried and not already a civil partner, be over the age of 16 and have parental consent if under 18 years of age, and should not be within the prohibited degrees of relationship. The formalities of marriage are predominantly governed by â€Å"the Marriage Act 1949, the Marriage Act 1983 and the Marriage (Registrar General’s Licence) Act 1970† (LexisNexis 2011). They include requirement for licenses, the conduction of marriages in a prescribed place, the fulfillment of formalities that relate to the hours of marriage, the attendance of witnesses, and other factors. Failure to comply with the formalities may form grounds for nullity. The formalities governing the formation of a civil partnership are contained in the Civil Partnership Act 2004. They include the requirements pertaining to notice and residence, the place of registration, delivery of the civil partnership document, registrati on, publicity, objections, and the waiting period. There is recognition of particular overseas relationships in England and Wales, which derive the same benefits as civil partnerships, and may be terminated in the same way as civil partnerships. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to critically discuss the statement that civil partnership is simply marriage by another name; therefore there is no need to extend marriage to same-sex couples or civil partnership to different-sex couples. Civil Partnerships and Marriage Until 1967 the concept of same-sex partners had not been acceptable in the United Kingdom; and sexual relations between two people of the same gender was considered illegal. The law was changed in 2004 as a result of extensive pressure from the gay community and the government’s commitment to equality and social justice. Ultimately, the law recognised the relationship between same-sex couples as similar to the marriage relationship between opposite-sex people. These reforms are significant, particularly for those generations of same-sex couples who suffered discrimination because of their relationship being considered illegal (Family Law 2, 2007). Thus, The Civil Partnership Act 2004 (CPA) has had long-term legal effects. It creates a new legal status of ‘civil registered partner’, and aligns English law with that of â€Å"the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Canada, Denmark, Sweden, Portugal, Spain and Germany† (Family Law 2, 2007: 30). The Act grants several rights and responsibilities to homosexual partnerships that have been registered. Like marriage, the Civil Partnership Act, 2004 has particular formalities which need to be in place. The formation of the civil partnership is procedurally similar to the civil wedding. Thus, â€Å"the registration cannot take place in a place of religious worship and no religious service is permitted† (Family Law 2, 2007: 30). However, a specific difference between a c ivil marriage and a civil partnership is the form of words used; that is, no specific forms of words need to be used for a civil partnership unlike the case of a civil wedding. Only people of the same sex can register Section 2(1) of the Civil Partner

Abortion laws in the state of Ohio Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Abortion laws in the state of Ohio - Term Paper Example The state encourages the practice of a compulsive delay of 24 hours prior to the abortion (Laws). This 24 hour period is to be used for the purpose of state-directed counseling (Laws). This piece of counseling information must be handed over to the licensed physician, who is going to conduct the operation (Laws). This 24 hour consent law even makes it mandatory for a woman to give some information to the physician upon a face to face meeting (Laws). The physician must retrieve the following information from the patient:- (Laws). It is only after all the procedures are completed, that the patient gets to sign an informed consent (Laws). The patient even has to declare that she is not under the influence of any drugs or alcohol at that point of time (Laws). If a patient is less than 18 years of age, a parent, legal guardian or custodian must go along with her to the pre-abortion visit (Laws). The law even requires that the parent/legal guardian/custodian, give their Informed Consent on the abortion (Laws). From the above discussion we can conclude that the abortion laws in the state of Ohio have been designed by the government with the intention of protecting the innocent fetus from the brutal process of abortion. The laws have been formulated keeping in mind the complete safety of the patients. Also, the requirement of parent’s consent criteria sounds veritably justified enough for a healthy and happy society. Sweigart, Josh. â€Å"Area representative at center of Ohio abortion controversy†. Springfield News-Sun. 27 Mar. 2011. 28 Mar. 2011. OKeefe, Paul. â€Å"Proposed Ohio abortion law would be one of strictest in country†. Wews Newsnet5.com. 8 Feb. 2011. 28 Mar. 2011.

Method of Implementing QoS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Method of Implementing QoS - Essay Example Data loss, delays are few of the events that could take place as a result of absence of quality of service mechanism. The categorization is as a result of number of considerations that are taken into account namely the Mac address, the ports both Ethernet and T.C.P. Various methods are available for implementing Q.O.S. All have their own advantages and drawbacks and most of them do serve up the purpose of improving overall performance of the network through specific means. The good point about Q.O.S is the fact that they can prioritize both the voice and data communication. However it is often noted that the real need for bandwidth adjustment arises in case of data traffic. Q.O.S in simple words is a protecting shield and an assurance of its kind which provides smooth and constant flow no matter how heavy the resources are. Integrated Services model, best effort model are few of the mechanisms used for this purpose. All these mechanisms are devised for accommodating data traffic prim arily. The entire T.C.P traffic is at disposal of the quality of service and since nearly all of the traffic is passed through T.C.P layer, therefore need of an effective quality of service tool is unavoidable. Best effort mechanism: There are number of Q.O.S approaches that provide one particular line choosing decision. The best effort mechanism is comparatively better in this regard since it enables the users and servers with multiple paths option. This bunch of paths is well planned out, equally calculated and with all the constraints in mind is screened out to ensure best possible transmission over even a densely populated linkage (Smith & Aceves, 2000). The default nature of Best effort scheme: Default mechanism is followed in the scheme which can be termed as its strength as well as weakness at the same time. In some cases it is even referred to as no Q.O.S due to its first in first out and no separation behavior. This default scheme is followed across both the switches and ro uters. Sensitivity consideration is partially compromised in this form of quality service provision. Strength: The strength enjoyed by this scheme is the manner in which the entire route and its model are designed. With nearly all the traffic being packet enabled, best effort serves well fulfilling the requirements of the network especially the bandwidth hungry resources. Weakness: Weaknesses can be identified in case of only one link to a respective linage. With modern times putting up the challenges of further high bandwidth interfaces, multiple paths to a single source are the order of the day. The possible draw back in this form of servicing is the possibility of loss of data elements (usually packets) on the way. Scalability can be an issue in all kinds of Q.O.S. Since increasing number of users and channels demand more bandwidth hence the performance is directly influenced by the scalable capacity. The constraint that would be needed to be taken into account would be the avail ability of heavy bandwidth in the background so as to provide smooth flow to the dedicated paths set up. To some experts mainly Cisco, a dedicated over 20 percent bandwidth must be kept in store for the best effort scheme. Any less percentage of capacity could seriously drain out the entire network and hence this mechanism would not live up to its desired purpose. Another problem that could arise in this form of s

Land Law Degree Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Land Law Degree - Case Study Example Hence, the main issue is whether they have feasible options which would enable them to gain full or total control of their property. From this case study, it can only be implied that they were able to secure title register which in turn enabled them to be registered as joint proprietors of this property. However, according to the Law of Property Act 1989 section (1) (3), it should be noted that for them to be deemed to be the owners of the real estate property, they shall have to be in possession of a valid deed stating as such. According to this section, a deed may only be taken to be valid if it was produced in writing through signing by the seller of the land or property in the presence of witnesses who must also attest to the validity of such signature. The other option as it is provided by this Act is that the seller may direct, and in his presence as well as that of two witnesses; who must also append their signature. The third option which was available to Nitin and Miriam to them in terms of acquiring the deed was through the delivery of such document by Paul to them in person or by any other person who might have been authorised to do so. A closer look at this case study does not address these issues comprehensively. However, it is justifiable to infer that they were indeed able to obtain the deed subject to their registration. ... Most notably, ownership is usually accompanied with the rights of possession and enjoyment by the actual owners. On a positive rejoinder, Thomas (276) notes that proprietary rights carry with them the right of easements and profits as it is provided by the land law. With particular case, it is apparent that Nitin and Miriam have not been able to enjoy any of these rights. With particular reference to Amy, it is possible for them to sue for damages on grounds that Paul assigned or sublet part of the property without their consent. However, for this to hold, Nitin and Miriam shall have to prove that to the satisfaction of the court that indeed Paul made that decision after they had legally acquired the real estate property. That being the case, then they do not have to wait until next year since Amy is actually trespassing by virtue of the fact that she was assigned the stable block by a stranger; Paul having sold the property to them. In this regard, there is no legal lease agreement between the landlord and the tenant in the first place. With this in mind, Amy can be sued for trespassing on pr ivate property as well for damages and thus be able to collect the rent as the legitimate owner of this real estate property. On the other hand, Nitin and Miriam have legal grounds to withhold their consent of lease to Amy according to the Landlord and Tenant Act 1988. Based this act, they have grounds owing to the fact that Amy is not an individual of an excellent character due to her drug abuse history. The fact that Amy is actually a noisy neighbour due to her music career provides another ground for Nitin and Miriam to evict her from their property even if such lease agreement was signed by Paul before the

Aldi moves beyond competing on price Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aldi moves beyond competing on price - Essay Example In the process they have also changed competitive environment. In the face of such changing economy supermarkets like ALDI should respond to its environment, and take strategic actions to not only sustain growth but also improve on its competitive position in the industry. The UK supermarket industry in 2008 accounted for retail sales of approximately  £124.1bn and performed well compared to other industries despite market gloom (Verdict 2009). This combined output has been generated by the various categories of supermarkets - large grocery retailers, regional retailers, fascia group, convenience stores, LADs (limited assortment discounters), frozen food retailers and specialist retailers (Verdict 2009). Despite its financial size, the supermarkets industry is driven by the major large grocery retailers which account for 85 percent of its sales and four dominant supermarkets (Competition Commission 2008). Although, ALDIs direct competitors are Lidl and Netto, it is also competing with the other categories of retailers. Considering this scenario, ALDI which is a LAD must consider its competitive environment in order to devise strategic plans for sustainable growth. To analyze the industry, Michael Porters (1985) Five Forces Model is being used to gauge the competitive environment. The Five Forces include buyers bargaining power; suppliers bargaining power, threats of substitutes; threats of new entrants; and the degree of rivalry among the firms. These shall be analyzed as follows: The supermarkets are the price-takers according to the Competition Commission Report (2008) which means that the consumers have to buy at the price set by the supermarkets. The supermarkets compete based on prices which although allow consumers a wide range of retailers to choose from but the nature of the product (food) allows them to be

In each case below, identify the effect on the market for coal Essay

In each case below, identify the effect on the market for coal - Essay Example Equilibrium quantity supplied and demanded will increase from QE to QE*. Therefore, for the market to clear, a new, lower cost mining technic will lead to a lower equilibrium price and a higher equilibrium demand quantity for the coal market to clear An increase in wages paid to coal miner’s increases cost of mining and thus leads to an increase in cost of production. This is because raw materials’ cost will increase as a result of the high costs of wages to coal miners. When the cost of inputs increases due to increased wages, the process of production becomes more costly (McEachern, 2010, p. 51). The graph below shows how these dynamics affect the mining market. As shown in the graph above, an increase in the cost of production associated by increased wage cost to firms will result to a shift of the supply function from S to S*. Firms in the coal market will be willing supply relatively less quantities of coal at the previous price (PE). A shift of the supply function to the left leads to an increase in the equilibrium price from PE to PE*. Equilibrium quantity supplied and demanded will decrease from QE to QE*. Therefore, for the market to clear, increase in wages paid to coal miners will lead to a higher equilibrium price and a lower equilibrium demand quantity for the coal market to clear (Mansfield, 1979, p. 29). An imposition of a $2 per ton tax on coal results to heavier costs burdens to producers of coal. Due to rational self-interest, the producers will try to shift this burden to consumers of coal (Krugman & Wells, 2010, p. 52). This is done by increasing the price by $2 for every tone sold. The effect of this tax can be shown in the graph below. Before implementation of the tax, the equilibrium supply curve was S. After the implementation of the tax, the new supply curve becomes St increasing the price from P to Pt. However, the producer receives Pt’. The amount of tax

The Death of Ivan Ilych Essay Example for Free

The Death of Ivan Ilych Essay During Ilych’s appointment with the first doctor he consulted about his condition, he noticed that the doctor was a man who considered himself an expert in his turf and who looked down on everybody else as people who knew a lot less and whose lives would be affected by his own choice of moves, acts or decisions. In the role of the patient whose ailment was yet to be specifically identified, Ilych noticed that the doctor he visited – and those he subsequently went to, as well – personified the public official that he was. Having been serving as the examining magistrate of the town, Ilych was undoubtedly powerful and influential. He could summon any man, whatever his station was – rich or poor, educated or ignorant, successful or otherwise – to the court, and he could do with them whatever he wanted to do by the decisions that only he could make. He reveled in the control he wielded; he figured out complicated cases and readily saw them as simple knots, and he concluded countless of cases without emotion and using only objectivity, logic and his authority. The outcome of some cases destroyed lives, turned victims’ worlds upside down, ended professional careers, broke families, shut down businesses and shattered dreams of many people. Through it all, Ilych was the detached magistrate who could not care less what happened to any of the many participants in the cases he officiated. He was puffed up, callous and undeniably proud. The same arrogance could be found in most other characters in the story; Ilych’s colleagues saw nothing in his death but a definite signal of changes in the make-up of their elite circle. They were more concerned with what Ilych’s demise would mean to their respective posts. The same selfishness was demonstrated mostly by everyone. Even Ilych’s wife could not disguise her greed for what she would be entitled to as a widow. On the whole, the story is a sad depiction of how meaningless life can be when lived for the wrong reasons, purposes and goals. The happy bit of a part is brought about by knowing that before he finally drew his last breath, Ilych shook himself free of such wrong values and beliefs – he found out that love and concern for others are the things that genuinely lead a person to find happiness. Works Cited Tolstoy, Leo. The Death of Ivan Ilych. Kila, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.

Homeland Security Essay Example for Free

Homeland Security Essay 1. Who should be responsible for protecting the public from online identity theft? Why? There is no real answer to this question. Except In my opinion the government should be responsible from protecting the public from online identity theft. I say this because there are certain things that should be monitored. Not the social websites or websites you go into and play games. The government should monitor when people go to certain websites such as Bank of America or Wells Fargo. These websites should be monitored (no more such as when you login you can see your username and password no) they should be monitored in a way to where your bank statements can be kept on track from day to day. 2. Should laws be changed to stop it, or should consumers change behavior? Consumers should change their behavior from time to time if needed be. There are laws that have stopped Identity theft. One of which is The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. This law makes it illegal for anyone to distribute or computer code or place it in the stream of commerce. There are many other different laws on Identity theft. Some of which are on a website. 3. What is an appropriate punishment for identity thieves? Considering the expense and problems associated with the crime, it should be addressed as a on less than a felony offense, regardless of the monetary amount of money or goods involved. 4. Given the international nature of the internet, how should foreign identity thieves be handled? There really is no way to handle foreign identity thieves unless they are caught by the police or government first. If by chance they were to be caught, it should be addressed as a felony offense given the fact that they logged into someone’s personal information, which should account on Substantive Due Process. Which is the right to privacy.

Reflective Summary On Prescribing Practice Learning Nursing Essay

Reflective Summary On Prescribing Practice Learning Nursing Essay The author, a nurse practitioner based in an Emergency Department (ED), from here on in will be referred to as the practitioner. The practitioner is currently employed in a development role with the view, following training, of becoming an acute care practitioner. This will entail working autonomously: taking accurate clinical histories, physical examination, gain differential and working diagnosis and organise a plan of care. This plan of care could well include a number of prescribed medications. Hence it is in the practitioners job description (as it is increasingly in many specialist/autonomous nursing roles) to become a Nurse Independent and Supplementary Prescriber (NISP). The Cumberlege Report (1986) suggested that nurses should be able to prescribe independently and highlighted that patient care could be improved and resources used more effectively by doing so. It identified that nurses were wasting their time requesting prescriptions from Doctors. Since the publication of this seminal piece of work, non-medical prescribing has been analysed, reflected upon, researched at great lengths and changes in practice made (DoH 1989, 1999, 2006 2008; Luker et al 1994; Latter et al 2011) and is still under constant review. The aim of this portfolio is to: Reflect on practice as a means of on-going personal and professional development. Demonstrate a capability of integrating learning into practice. Submit a range of material mapped against the module learning outcomes, NMC 2006 prescribing standards, domains of practice and core competencies. Establish an evidence-based approach to practice competence as a safe independent supplementary prescriber. This prescribing practice portfolio will be a reflective portfolio using Rolfe et al (2001) model of reflection to aid learning from experience and close the gap between theory and practice. This model has been chosen as it is something the practitioner is familiar with and has used before. The portfolio will conclude with a reflective summary on prescribing practice learning which will draw together the evidence used to support achievement of the competences identified. After discussing with colleagues who have already completed the NISP course, the practitioner is aware of the complex nature and volume of work that is required over the duration of it. There is a feeling of nervousness due to this but also a feeling excitement over what will be learnt. If successful the practitioner believes her practice will be enhanced significantly as she will have the ability to give patients seamless care. References Department of Health. (1986) Neighbourhood Nursing: A Focus for Care. (Cumberlege Report). London: HMSO Department of Health. (1989) Report of the Advisory Group on Nurse Prescribing. The Crown Report). London: HMSO Department of Health. (1999) Review Of Prescribing, Supply And Administration Of Medicines. (The Crown Report Two) London: HMSO. Department of Health. (2006) Medicines Matters. London: HMSO Department of Health. (2008) Making Connections: Using Healthcare Professionals to Deliver Organisational Improvements. London: HMSO Latter, S. Blenkinsopp, A. Smith, A. Chapman, S. Tinelli, M. Gerard, K. Little, P. Celino, N. Granby, T. Nicholls, P. Dorer, G. (2011) Evaluation of nurse and pharmacist independent prescribing. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton; School of Pharmacy, Keele University on behalf of Department of Health [Online] Available at http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/184777/ [Accessed 15th Sept 2012] Luker, K. Austin, L. Hogg, C. Ferguson, B. Smith, K. (1998) Nurse-Patient Relationships: The context of Nurse Prescribing. Journal of Advanced Nursing. (28) 2: 235-242 Rolfe, G. Freshwater, D. Jasper, M. (2001) Critical Reflection in Nursing and the Helping Professions: a Users Guide. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Consultation Holistic Assessment Case Study In this case study the consultation, diagnosis, prescribing options and decisions of a 35 year old female seen in the ED will be discussed. This case study will aim to improve the practitioners knowledge of conducting a consultation and its relationship with making a diagnosis and treatment options. To maintain confidentiality, in line with the code of professional conduct, the patient will be referred to as Mrs A (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), 2008). Consultation Examining the holistic needs of the patient is the first of seven principles of good prescribing (National Prescribing Centre (NPC), 1999) and must be undertaken before making a decision to prescribe (NMC Practice Standard 3, 2006). Holistic assessment takes into consideration the mind, body and spirit of the patient (Jarvis, 2008). Traditionally consultation and making a diagnosis has been completed by Doctors. However, nurse diagnosis would appear to have been formally acknowledged since The Crown Two Report (DoH, 1999) as part of the independent prescriber role. Horrocks et al, (2002), found greater patient satisfaction with nurse consultations than with GP consultations. Jennings et al, (2009) and Wilson Shifaza, (2008) also found this to be true of nurse practitioners working in emergency departments. Importantly, they also found no significant variation in other health outcomes. Most of these studies found that consultations with nurses were to some extent longer, they offered more advice on self-care and self-management and that nurses gave more information to patients. Although there are various consultation models that have been described (Byrne Long, 1976; Pendleton et al, 1984; Neighbour, 2005; Kurtz et al, 2003; Stott Davis, 1979), these are based upon observation of doctor, not nurse consultations. Nevertheless, the consultation models and skills described in the medical literature are relevant to all practitioners (Baird, 2004). Consultation models help the practitioner centre the consultation around successful information exchange and try to provide a theoretical structure. Consultation models can also be used to help make maximum use of the time available at each consultation (Simon, 2009). Traditionally the medical model is used to assess patients however; it does not take into account the social, psychological, and other external factors of the patient. The model also overlooks that the diagnosis (that will affect treatment of the patient) is a result of negotiation between doctor and patient (Frankel et al, 2003) In this case study, the practitioner has used Roger Neighbours model of consultation. This was found by the practitioner to be simple and easy to remember, whilst covering all areas needed to make an effective consultation and assessment. He describes a 5 stage model which he refers to as a journey with checkpoints along the way: Connecting establishing a relationship and rapport with the patient. Summarising taking a history from the patient including their ideas, expectations, concerns and summarising back to the patient to ensure there are no misunderstandings. Handing over negotiating between the practitioners and patients agenda and agreeing on a management plan. Safety netting the consideration of what if? and what the practitioner might do in each case. Housekeeping reflecting on the consultation. (Neighbour, 2005) Connecting Mrs A was called through to the Rapid Assessment and Treatment area in the ED. It was apparent from Mrs As facial expression and limp that walking caused her pain. Silverman Kinnersley, (2010) state that non-verbal communication is extremely important and can often provide clues to underlying concerns or emotions. The practitioner had never met the patient before so had no previous relationship with her but was aware that she may have pre-conceived ideas about the ED which may have caused her anxiety. The practitioner introduced herself to Mrs A, explained her job role, the process that was about to be undertook and consent obtained. During this time eye contact was maintained and the practitioner also asked Mrs A how she would like to be addressed. This was done to try and build up a rapport with Mrs A, to help her feel at ease and reassure her. Simon, (2009) and Moulton, (2007) agree and state that rapport is essential to effective communication and consultation. Mrs A was also of fered a trolley to sit on to make herself comfortable and the curtains pulled around for privacy and dignity. On reflection the practitioner was aware that the environment was a busy and noisy assessment area and this can have a negative impact on the consultation (Silverman et al, 2005). Identifying this with Mrs A and apologising may have re-assured her further and gained trust and respect. Summarising The practitioner began with an open ended question and did not interrupt the patients response. Neighbour, (2005) and Moulton, (2007) advise this to open the consultation. Gask Usherwood, (2002) found that if a practitioner interrupts, patients then rarely disclose new information, which could lead to not finding out the real reason for the consultation. Mrs A revealed that she received an insect bite to her right lower leg 5 days ago, since then the surrounding skin had become swollen, increasingly red, painful and hot to touch. She explained that the redness was spreading up her leg and the pain was getting worse. Mrs A explained that she was concerned that it was not going to get better and was very worried that it had got worse during the last 3 days. Upon questioning Mrs A also complained of malaise and that she had been feeling very hot and cold and at times. She had been managing to eat and drink as normal. Mrs A lived with her husband, was a non smoker and drank alcohol occasionally. She had no past medical history and took no prescribed or over the counter (otc) medications. It was also elicited that she was allergic to Penicillin which she had an anaphylaxis reaction to. Taking a medical, social, medication and allergy history is important as it can be relevant to the presenting complaint, makes sure key information has not been overlooked and is essential in preventing prescribing errors (Bickley, 2008; Young et al, 2009). The practitioner actively listened to what Mrs A was saying by maintaining eye contact, using open questions and by summarising the history back to clarify points and to make sure nothing was missed. On reflection the practitioner feels this also gave the opportunity for Mrs A to add any further information not disclosed so far. Closed questions were then used to gain specific information related to the initial information given, this is advised by Young et al, (2009) and Moulton, (2007). Effective communication is important as Epstein et al, (2008) explains that a precise history can supply at least 80% of the information necessary for a diagnosis. Upon examination there was obvious erythema. Light palpation revealed that the area was very warm and tender. Neurovascular assessment was performed and was unremarkable. Mrs As chest was clear, heart sounds normal and her abdomen was soft, non tender. Physical examination is important as it is used to detect physical signs that the patient may not be aware of and can be used to confirm or disprove a possible diagnosis. It also suggests to the patient that their illness is being taken seriously. (Bickley, 2008, Charlton, 2006). Observations were taken including blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate and oxygen saturations. All were within normal parameters except her temperature which was 38.2 degrees Celsius. Venous blood was taken to check haematological, biochemical and coagulation status. Mrs A white cell count (WCC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were raised, all other blood results were normal. Handing Over Before making a final diagnosis, it is important that differential diagnoses are excluded (Nazarko, 2012). The practitioners differential diagnoses were deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or venous eczema. However, Mrs A had a straightforward history (insect bite) that together with her observations (raised temperature), examination findings (redness, heat, swelling and pain) and blood results (raised WCC and CRP) indicated an alternative diagnosis, so DVT and venous eczema were ruled out. The practitioners working diagnosis was cellulitis. This was discussed with Mrs A and she appeared reassured that a diagnosis had been made. The practitioner explained that she would like to discuss this with a senior Doctor to help decide on a treatment plan. The practitioner presented the patient to an ED Registrar who agreed with the diagnosis. Diagnosis, treatment and prescribing options were then discussed to aid the practitioners learning. Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue which is potentially serious (Epstein et al, 2008). It is caused by one or more types of bacteria, most commonly streptococci and staphylococcus aureus (Nazarko, 2012). Cellulitis usually occurs on the lower legs, arms and face but can arise anywhere on the body (Bickley, 2008). Patients with cellulitis present with signs of inflammation, distinctively heat, redness, swelling and pain (Nazarko, 2012). Inflammation is localised initially but increases as the infection progresses. Patients can be systemically unwell (pyrexial, tachycardic, hypotensive) and white cell count and C-reactive protein levels will be markedly raised (Beldon, 2011, Wingfield, 2009, Nazarko, 2012). It appears there is a general lack of evidence based literature surrounding the treatment of patients with cellulitis. The practitioner could only find one national guideline on the management of cellulitis in adults, which was published in 2005 by the Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST, 2005). However, to the practitioners knowledge, these have not been validated by a clinical study. Morris, (2008) found in his systematic review that antibiotics cure 50-100% of cases of cellulitis but did not find out which antibiotic regime was most successful. Kilburn et al, (2010) also could not find any definitive conclusions in their Cochrane review on the optimal antibiotics, duration or route of administration. Eron, (2000) devised a classification system for cellulitis and its treatment which CREST used in their guidelines. This system divides people with cellulitis into four classes and can serve as a useful guide to admission and treatment decisions. However Koerner Johnson, (2011) found in their retrospective study, comparing the treatment received with the CREST guidelines, that patients at the mildest end of the spectrum were over treated and at the more severe end undertreated. They also found a significant variation in antibiotic regimes prescribed for patients with cellulitis. Marwick et al, (2011) questioned whether classes I and II could actually be merged to improve treatment. The practitioners trust has antibiotic guidelines (updated yearly) which also include a classification system. This aids the prescriber in choosing the correct antibiotic, dose, route and duration for certain conditions, cellulitis being one of them. After discussion with the Registrar it was determined that Mrs A was in Class I or non-severe which meant she could be managed with oral antibiotics on an outpatient basis. The practitioners trust and CREST, (2005) guidelines advise first line treatment for non-severe or class I cellulitis as oral Flucloxacillin 500mg, three times a day. Flucloxacillin is a moderately narrow-spectrum antibiotic licensed for the treatment of cellulitis. However, Flucloxacillin was contra-indicated for Mrs A as she had a severe penicillin allergy (British National Formulary, (BNF) 2012). Clarithromycin is a macrolide which has an antibacterial spectrum that is similar but not identical to that of penicillin; they are thus an alternative in penicillin-allergic patients (BNF, 2012). Clarithromycin is licensed and recommended by CREST, (2005), and by the practitioners trust, as an alternative to Flucloxacillin in cellulitis for patients with a Penicillin allergy. It is indicated in the BNF, (2012) for the treatment of mild to moderate skin and soft-tissue infections. It demonstrates suitable pharmacokinetics, with good distribution into skin and soft tissues, and is effective against the large majority of staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria that cause cellulitis (Accord Healthcare Limited, 2012), (See drug monologue page 21-28). There were no contraindications in prescribing Clarithromycin for Mrs A. The option of not having any medication was discussed with Mrs A however, she wanted treatment so the benefits and side effects of Clarithromycin was explained, and consent obtained from Mrs A to prescribe the antibiotics and to be discharged, (NMC Practice Standard 5, 2006). Dose and duration were then also clarified and the importance of taking the antibiotics as prescribed and to complete the full course. On reflection, by discussing and deciding on the best treatment together this would hopefully promote concordance. Negotiating with patients and agreeing on a management plan is very important aspect of reaching patient centred care (Neighbour, 2005). Using an FP10 Clarithromycin tablets 500mg twice a day was prescribed by the Registrar (as the practitioner was not a licensed prescriber, NMC Practice Standard 1, 2006), as per trust guidelines, for 7 days. Paracetamol tablets 1g four times a day was also prescribed for its analgesic and anti-pyretic properties (BNF, 2012). A stat dose of both were prescribed and the practitioner asked the nurse to administer the first dose (NMC Practice Standard 9 14, 2006), and was aware that by delegating this task the prescriber remained accountable. The FP10 was given to the patient to take to the pharmacy of her choice for them to dispense (NMC Practice Standard 10, 2006), (See mock prescription page 29). The practitioner did not initially contemplate cost effectiveness but on reflection it has been recognised that this needs to be taken into consideration when prescribing (NPC, 1999). Intravenous antibiotics may have been prescribed, which may have meant an admission into hospital or administration by nurses on an outpatient basis; thus would have increased the cost of treatment significantly. Admission to hospital can also be overwhelming and can put the patient at risk of hospital acquired infections and increased risk of antibiotic resistance (Wingfield, 2008). Safety Netting The erythematous border was marked, with the patients consent, with permanent pen to monitor for any improvement or additional spread of infection (CREST, 2005, Beldon, 2011). The practitioner advised Mrs A that she should return or see her GP if she had worsening symptoms or if by the completion of the course of antibiotics symptoms had failed to resolve. Mrs A was also advised that, if a similar incident occurred, she should seek medical assistance early so that treatment could begin as soon as possible to reduce the risk of severe and long-term complications. In addition it was recommended that she should drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration, elevate the leg for comfort and to help reduce the swelling (CREST, 2005, Beldon, 2011). Mrs A was warned that there could be an increase in erythema in the first 24-48 hours of treatment (CREST, 2005). This advice and information empowered Mrs A and made sure that her discharge was as safe as possible. The practitioner brought the consultation to a close by asking Mrs A if she had any questions or if there was anything else she would like to discuss. This gave Mrs A the opportunity of clarifying any information given by the practitioner and the opportunity to divulge any information or concerns not previously mentioned. This re-assured the practitioner that she had addressed her problem appropriately. Housekeeping The practitioner made sure there was clear concise documentation of the consultation and choice of prescription in Mrs A notes (NMC Practice Standard 7, 2006). A discharge letter was also produced to send to her GP NMC Practice Standard 6, 2006). Once the prescription was ready, Mrs A was discharged. This case study has shown the practitioner the importance of effective communication in consultation. By following Neighbours consultation checkpoints it gave structure to the consultation and will be used by the practitioner in future practice. It has also helped the practitioner to gain an understanding of different prescribing options and how to explore these further. For example, the practitioner did find when reading around the subject that there has been some research on the use of corticosteroids in cellulitis to increase resolution, however, to the practitioners knowledge, this is not currently advised in any guidelines and further research is needed. The practitioner would also like to be involved in the development of a cellulitis pathway at her place of work. This could include an algorithm to aid practitioners to differential diagnosis so patients can receive appropriate treatment and reduce the incorrect prescribing of antibiotics. As there are no National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines on the treatment and management of cellulitis, treatment of patients is not standardised and consequently quality of care could be affected. The optimal choice for antimicrobial therapy requires review and definitive study in clinical trials. References Accord Healthcare Limited (2012) Summary of Product Characteristics for Clarithromycin Capsules 500mg. [online]. Electronic Medicines Compendium. Datapharm Communications Ltd. Available from: http://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/25914/SPC/Clarithromycin+500mg+Tablets/ [Accessed 21ST September 2012] Byrne, P. Long, B. (1976) Doctors Talking to Patients. London, HMSO. Baird, A. (2004) The Consultation. Nurse Prescriber. (1) 3: 1-4 British National Formulary: No. 64 (2012) London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. Bickley, L. (2008) Bates Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 6th Ed. London: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Beldon, P. (2011) The Assessment, Diagnosis and Treatment of Cellulitis. Wound Essentials. (6): 60-68. Clinical Research Efficiency Support Team (2005) Guidelines on the Management of Cellulitis in Adults. Belfast: Clinical Research Efficiency Support Team. Charlton, R. (2006) Learning to Consult. Abingdon: Radcliffe. Department of Health (1999) Review Of Prescribing, Supply And Administration Of Medicines. (The Crown Report) London: HMSO. Epstein, O. Perkin, G. Cookson, J. De Bono, D. (2008) Clinical Examination. 4th Ed. London: Mosby. Eron, L. (2000) Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues: Outcome of A Classification Scheme. Clinical Infectious Diseases. (31) 287 Frankel, R. Quill, T. McDaniel, S. (2003) The Biopsychosocial Approach: Past, Present, and Future. Rochester: University Of Rochester Press. Gask L, Usherwood, T. (2002) ABC of Psychological Medicine: The Consultation. British Medical Journal (324) 7353: 1567-1569. Horrocks, S. Anderson, E. Salisbury, C. (2002) Systematic Review of Whether Nurse Practitioners Working in Primary Care Can Provide Equivalent Care to Doctors. British Medical Journal. (324) 7341: 819-823. Jarvis, C. (2008) Physical Examination and Health Assessment. 5th Ed. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. Jennings, N., Lee, G., Chao, K., Keating, S. (2009) A Survey of Patient Satisfaction in a Metropolitan Emergency Department: Comparing Nurse Practitioners to Emergency Physicians. International Journal of Nursing Practice (15) 213-218. Kilburn, S., Featherstone, P., Higgins, B., Brindle, R. Interventions for Cellulitis and Erysipelas. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2010 Issue 6, Art. No. CD004299. DOI:  10.1002/14651858. Koerner, R. Johnson, A. (2011) Changes in the classification and management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. (66) 232-234. Kurtz S, Silverman J, Benson J, Draper J. (2003) Marrying Content and Process in Clinical Method Teaching; Enhancing the Calgary-Cambridge Guides. Academic Medicine (78) 8: 802-809. Marwick, C. Broomhall, J. McCoowan, C. Phillips, G. Gonzalez-McQuire, S. Akhras, K. Merchant, S. Nathwani. Davey, P. (2011) Severity Assessment of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: Cohort Study of Management and Outcomes for Hospitalised patients. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. (66): 387-397 Morris, A. (2008) Cellulitis and Erysipelas. Clinical Evidence. [online] BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. Available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907977/ [Accessed 10th September 2012] Moulton L. (2007) The Naked Consultation: A practical Guide to Primary Care Consultation skills. Abingdon: Radcliffe. National Prescribing Centre. (1999) Signposts for Prescribing Nurses General Principles of Good Prescribing. Prescribing Nurse Bulletin. (1): 1-4. Nazarko, L. (2012) An Evidence-Based Approach to Diagnosis and Management of Cellulitis. British Journal of Community Nursing. (17) 1: 6-12. Neighbour, R. (2005) The Inner Consultation. How to Develop an Effective and Intuitive Consulting Style. 2nd Ed. Oxford: Oxford-Radcliffe. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2006) Standards of Proficiency for Nurse and Midwife prescribers. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code: Standards of Conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Pendleton, D. Schofield, T. Tate, P. Havelock, P. (1984) The Consultation: An Approach to Learning and Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Silverman, J. Kurtz, S. Draper, J. (2005) Skills for Communicating with Patients. 2ND Ed. Oxford: Radcliffe. Silverman, J. Kinnersley, P. (2010) Doctors Non-Verbal Behaviour in Consultations: Look at the Patient Before You Look at The Computer. British Journal of General Practice. (60): 76-8. Simon, C. (2009) The Consultation. InnovAiT (2) 2: 113-121. [online] Available at http://rcgp-innovait.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/2/113.full. [Accessed 13th September 2012] Stott, N. Davis, R. (1979) The Exceptional Potential in Each Primary Care Consultation. Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. (29): 201-5. Wingfield, C. (2009) Lower Limb Cellulitis: A Dermatological Perspective. Wounds UK. (5) 2: 26-36. Wingfield, C. (2008) Cellulitis: Reduction of Associated Hospital Admissions. Dermatological Nurse 7(2): 44-50. Wilson, A. Shifaza, F. (2008) An Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Acceptability of Nurse Practitioners in an Adult Emergency Department. International Journal of Nursing Practice. (14): 149-156. Young, K. Duggan, L. Franklin, P. (2009) Effective Consulting and History-Taking Skills for Prescribing Practice. British Journal of Nursing. (18) 17: 1056-1061. Drug Monologue. Name of Drug Clarithromycin Drug Classification Macrolide Therapeutic Uses(s) Clarithromycin film-coated tablets are indicated in adults and adolescents 12 years and older for the treatment of the following bacterial infections, when caused by clarithromycin-susceptible bacteria. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Mild to moderate community acquired pneumonia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Acute bacterial sinusitis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bacterial pharyngitis. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Skin infections and soft tissue infections of mild to moderate severity, such as folliculitis, cellulitis and erysipelas Clarithromycin film-coated tablets can also be used in appropriate combination with antibacterial therapeutic regimens and an appropriate ulcer healing agent for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with Helicobacter pylori associated ulcers Dose range and route(s) of administration Adults and adolescents (12 years and older) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Standard dosage: The usual dose is 250 mg twice daily. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High dosage treatment (severe infections): The usual dose may be increased to 500 mg twice daily in severe infections. Children younger than 12 years: Use of Clarithromycin film-coated tablets is not recommended for children younger than 12 years. Use Clarithromycin paediatric suspensions. Clinical trials have been conducted using clarithromycin pediatric suspension in children 6 months to 12 years of age. Elderly: As for adults Dosage in renal functional impairment: The maximum recommended dosages should be reduced proportionately to renal impairment. In patients with renal impairment with creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min, the dosage of clarithromycin should be reduced by one-half, i.e. 250 mg once daily, or 250 mg twice daily in more severe infections. Treatment should not be continued beyond 14 days in these patients. Patients with hepatic impairment: Caution should be exercised when administrating clarithromycin in patients with hepatic impairment Administered orally. Pharmacodynamics Mode of Action Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic derivative of erythromycin A. It exerts its antibacterial action by binding to the 50s ribosomal sub-unit of susceptible bacteria and suppresses protein synthesis. It is highly potent against a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The 14-hydroxy metabolite of clarithromycin also has antimicrobial activity. The MICs of this metabolite are equal or two-fold higher than the MICs of the parent compound, except for H. influenzae where the 14-hydroxy metabolite is two-fold more active than the parent compound. Side Effects Dyspepsia, tooth and tongue discoloration, smell and taste disturbances, stomatitis, glossitis, and headache; less commonly: arthralgia and myalgia; rarely: tinnitus; very rarely: dizziness, insomnia, nightmares, anxiety, confusion, psychosis, paraesthesia, convulsions, hypoglycemia, renal failure, interstitial nephritis, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia Interactions Aprepitant Clarithromycin possibly increases plasma concentration of aprepitant Atazanavir Plasma concentration of both drugs increased when Clarithromycin given with atazanavir. Atorvastatin Clarithromycin increases plasma concentration of atorvastatin. Cabazitaxel Avoidance of clarithromycin advised by manufacturer of cabazitaxel. Calcium-channel Blockers Clarithromycin possibly inhibits metabolism of calcium-channel blockers (increased risk of side-effects). Carbamazepine Clarithromycin increases plasma concentration of carbamazepine. Ciclosporin Clarithromycin inhibits metabolism of ciclosporin (increased plasma concentration). Colchicine Clarithromycin possibly increases risk of colchicine toxicity-suspend or reduce dose of colchicine (avoid concomitant use in hepatic or renal impairment). Coumarins Clarithromycin enhances anticoagulant effect of coumarins. Disopyramide Clarithromycin possibly increases plasma concentration of disopyramide (increased risk of toxicity). Dronedarone Avoidance of clarithromycin advised by manufacturer of dronedarone (risk of ventricular arrhythmias). Efavirenz Increased risk

Ann rule- Dead At sunset Essay -- essays research papers

This book is just one account of what took place on that fatal September 21, 1986 night. It was a warm and beautiful Sunday night on the Sunset High way in Oregon when Cheryl Keeton was brutally bludgeoned body was found in her van, in the fast lane by a motorist, Randall Kelly Blighton who just stopped to see if he could offer any type of help.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Randall Blighton saw a silhouette of an infant in the vans window which now he says was a car seat. He felt that he couldn’t just pass by after he had just dropped off his own children with their mother. When he first arrived by the van he set out flares to make sure that everybody knew that the van was there. He then went to open the drivers side door and found that a woman’s purse was jammed between the accelerator and the firewall, that would explain the continually motion forward. He could see that a figure was lying across the front seat and that the head was tucked into the chest just over the passenger seat. He could see that the figure had on one loafer type on one foot that looked feminine. As he searched to turn on the emergency flashers and was unable to find them, not knowing that they were over head. He felt the floor to see if there was a baby. However, as he felt around he realized that the floor and seats of the van and realized why it was so hard to see through the drivers side window that was splattered with something dark, blood. Nevertheless, he felt it was more important to keep searching to find the baby instead of stopping. He shuddered and didn’t get how there could be so much blood in the van if it hadn’t been hit by another vehicle. Randall then hopped in the drivers seat and moved the van on to the shoulder of 79th where it met sunset highway. Mr. Blighton then ran to the passenger side door, which was slightly open to see if the woman had a pulse when he could not feel one he then ran to get help. He finally came to a house and told them to call for help. Thomas Stewart Duffy Jr was on duty that night at Washington County Fire District Number One. The call came in roughly at 8:44 that night. They had many calls come in from the sunset highway and most proved fatal. They arrived to see the blue Toyota van parked facing north along 79th . The man was covered in dark spots and they weren’t sure just what they were getting into. When they arrived at the woman ... ...s fear. Brad later left the house and it was a mess Sara was unsure if he was ever to return and went to the house with a realtor only to find the locks and high tech security system had been changed. Did you know?  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This would be the second case to be tried in civil court for a murder with no weapons just circumstantial evidence.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cheryl Keeton could see that Brad would kill her and was warned by many close friends never to be alone with him but felt she had to go and get her children back that fatal Sunday night.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brad Cunningham grew up in a divorced household where he was not wanted by his father and was never to see his mother or have any contact with her. After she had an affair with a Hispanic man and was caring his child.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He had a brother that never was able to have a relationship with a woman.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Been married 4 times before Sara, seemed not to marry for love but for control and to get what ever he wanted. Eight years after killing his divorced wife in Portland, Oregon, Brad Cunningham was finally convicted of her murder

Animal Testing for Humanity Essay -- Animal Testing Research Essays Ar

Animal Testing for Humanity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animal research is vital to human existence. This testing enables doctors to find treatments and cures for various diseases and aliments. The people, who object and think that 'mad' scientists preform all animal research, merely do not understand the importance. There are many regulatory acts protecting the animals in experiments, therefore proving that ending animal research all together would be a harsh blow to society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The regulations, such as the Animal Welfare Act, which ensures that animal, care for research is a main priority. The AWA requires appropriate veterinary care, housing, feeding, handling, sanitation, ventilation, and sheltering. Also, in that act the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service is required to make at least one unannounced inspection a year to each facility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another regulatory requirement is that the United States Department of Agriculture requires institutions to report the number of animals used in research and the number of animals that experience pain or distress. In a 1996 report to Congress, the USDA showed that eighty-nine percent of experiments reported did not involve pain or distress.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Animal research has proven to be a very controversial issue to many. Many myths surround it. Activists say that doctors to torture the animals, which is not true. These myths have been created by animal rights groups who want to fill other?s minds with distorted images of experiments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ...

Women as Objects in A Woman on a Roof Essay -- Doris Lessing Woman on

Women as Objects in A Woman on a Roof  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Doris Lessing’s "A Woman on a Roof" allows us to understand how some men view woman: as mere objects for display and possession. Lessing shows how each of the male characters reacts and deals with rejection from a woman sunbathing on a nearby rooftop. We discover how three men’s preoccupation with sex keeps them unaware of how their advances may be unwanted and ignorant of their action’s possible consequences. All three men share the desire to get this woman’s attention. Working on a rooftop of a block of flats in the hot, hot, sun, these men seek a diversion from the relentless heat. They whistle, yell, and wave at a near naked woman on a rooftop nearby, but the woman pays no mind to them. Their isolation on the rooftop and the woman’s relentless indignation fuels the men’s decent into a world of lewd behavior, thereby creating an atmosphere of harassment and rejection. They become "taunted" by this woman’s indifference towards them. All three men have distinctly different attitudes towards the situation they have created. Each has experienced rejection from women. In fact, each displays a level of hardness that affects his attitude. They each react differently to the woman’s indifference and each take his efforts to different levels. Tom, the youngest, represents a primary level, a man untouched by rejection. Stanley, the instigator, clearly at a secondary level to Tom, shows a man slightly touched by rejection. Stanley hates the blows of rejection to his manhood. Harry, on the other hand, represents a final level where he considers the woman’s presence trivial. He is long since married and possibly has suffered many indignities with regards to the scowls of women.... ...displayed "lessons learned" in their attitudes. They knew when to quit. Tom took his unbridled actions all the way because he knew no better. The men return to work the next day with a new distraction on their minds. The weather has changed suddenly and is no longer attractive to sun bathers. Without the presence of the woman on the roof there are no sexual thoughts to preoccupy them. For Tom and Stanley, the consequences of their actions are forgotten and only evident in their new levels of understanding. Works Cited Allen, Orphia J., Short Story Criticism. Vol 16. Ed. Thomas Vottler. Detroit, MI: Gale Research, Co., 1990. Atack, Margaret., Short Story Criticism. Vol 6. Ed. Thomas Vottler.Detroit, MI: Gale Research, Co., 1990. Leasing, Doris. "A Woman on a Roof." The Harper Anthology Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. New York: HarperCollins, 1981.   

Automobile Industry Essay

* Detailed analysis of Automobile industry which is gearing towards international standards. * Analysis of the impact of qualitative factors on industry’s and company’s prospects. * Comparison of the Global automobile scene with its Indian counterpart. * Study of the challenges facing the Indian Automobile Industry * Analysis of the implementable strategies to counter the effects of the discussed challenges. PREFACE The Automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. The Indian Automobile Industry embarked on a new journey since 1991 with delicensing of the sector and subsequent opening up for 100 per cent FDI through automatic route. Almost all the global majors have set up their facilities in India taking the next level of production of vehicles from 2 million in 1991 to 110+ million in 2011. The Auto Sector in India is set to continue in its growth trajectory for the next five years and India is an increasingly favourite destination for Global Majors looking at emerging market. This in turn, has fuelled a boom in the domestic auto market, with close to 10mn vehicles sold in India in 2009-10 The automotive industry is increasingly becoming the cynosure of the manufacturing sector across the globe. Due to its intense forward and backward linkages with several key segments of the economy, the automotive industry has a strong multiplier effect and acts as one ofthe key drivers of growth across the globe. The attention and importance to the automotive industry in the economic development and planning policies of Government and its agencies has also witnessed significant up rise. The industry has been evolving over the years, meeting up with challenges as diverse as transitions, consolidations and restructuring, and thereby adapting to the new market conditions. As of 2011, India is home to 40 million passenger vehicles. More than 3. 7 million automotive vehicles were produced in India in 2011 (an increase of 33. 9%), making the country the second fastest growing automobile market in the world. According to the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase to 5 million by 2015 and more than 9 million by 2020. By 2050, the country is expected to top the world in car volumes with approximately 611 million vehicles on the nation’s roads. OVERVIEW The Indian Automobile Industry manufactures over 11 million vehicles and exports about 1. 5 million each year. The dominant products of the industry are two-wheelers with a market share of over 75% and passenger cars with a market share of about 16%. Commercial vehicles and three-wheelers share about 9% of the market between them. About 91% of the vehicles sold are used by households and only about 9% for commercial purposes. The industry has a turnover of more than USD $35 billion and provides direct and indirect employment to over 13 million people. The supply chain is similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. Interestingly, the level of trade exports in this sector in India has been medium and imports have been low. However, this is rapidly changing and both exports and imports are increasing. The demand determinants of the industry are factors like affordability, product innovation, infrastructure and price of fuel. Also, the basis of competition in the sector is high and increasing, and its life cycle stage is growth. With a rapidly growing middle class, all the advantages of this sector in India are yet to be leveraged. With a high cost of developing production facilities, limited accessibility to new technology, and increasing competition, the barriers to enter the Indian Automotive sector are high. On the other hand, India has a well-developed tax structure. The power to levy taxes and duties is distributed among the three tiers of Government. The cost structure of the industry is fairly traditional, but the profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years. Major players, like Tata Motors and Maruti Suzuki have material cost of about 80% but are recording profits after tax of about 6% to 11%. The level of technology change in the Motor vehicle Industry has been high but, the rate of change in technology has been medium. Investment in the technology by the producers has been high. System-suppliers of integrated components and sub-systems have become the order of the day. However, further investment in new technologies will help the industry be more competitive. Over the past few years, the industry has been volatile. Currently, India’s increasing per capita disposable income which is expected to rise by 106% by 2015 and growth in exports is playing a major role in the rise and competitiveness of the industry. Tata Motors is leading the commercial vehicle segment with a market share of about 64%. Maruti Suzuki is leading the passenger vehicle segment with a market share of 46%. Hyundai Motor India Limited and Mahindra and Mahindra are focusing expanding their footprint in the overseas market. Hero MotoCorp is occupying over 41% and sharing 26% of the two-wheeler market in India with Bajaj Auto. Bajaj Auto in itself is occupying about 58% of the three-wheeler market. Consumers are very important of the survival of the Motor Vehicle manufacturing industry. In 2008-09, customer sentiment dropped, which burned on the augmentation in demand of cars. Steel is the major input used by manufacturers and the rise in price of steel is putting a cost pressure on manufacturers and cost is getting transferred to the end consumer. The price of oil and petrol affect the driving habits of consumers and the type of car they buy. The key to success in the industry is to improve labor productivity, labor flexibility, and capital efficiency. Having quality manpower, infrastructure improvements, and raw material availability also play a major role. Access to latest and most efficient technology and techniques will bring competitive advantage to the major players. Utilizing manufacturing plants to optimum level and understanding implications from the government policies are the essentials in the Automotive Industry of India. Both, Industry and Indian Government are obligated to intervene the Indian Automotive industry. The Indian government should facilitate infrastructure creation, create favorable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research and development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality establishing cost competitiveness and improving productivity in labor and in capital. With a combined effort, the Indian Automotive industry will emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacturing of automobiles. The Indian market offers endless possibilities for investors. HISTORY The first car which ran on Indian roads was in 1897. Until the 1930s, cars were imported directly, but in very small numbers. Embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers as a trading company in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles under license from Willys. The company soon branched out into the manufacture of light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and agricultural tractors. Following the independence, in 1947, the Government of India and the private sector launched efforts to create an automotive component manufacturing industry to supply to the automobile industry. However, the growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalization and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector. After 1970, the automotive industry started to grow, but the growth was mainly driven by tractors, commercial vehicles and scooters. Cars were still a major luxury. Japanese manufacturers entered the Indian market ultimately leading to the establishment of Maruti Udyog. A number of foreign firms initiated joint ventures with Indian companies. In the 1980s, a number of Japanese manufacturers launched joint-ventures for building motorcycles and light commercial-vehicles. It was at this time that the Indian government chose Suzuki for its joint-venture to manufacture small cars. Following the economic liberalization in 1991 and the gradual weakening of the license raj, a number of Indian and multi-national car companies launched operations. Since then, automotive component and automobile manufacturing growth has accelerated to meet domestic and export demands. Following economic liberalization in India in 1991, the Indian automotive industry has demonstrated sustained growth as a result of increased competitiveness and relaxed restrictions. Several Indian automobile manufacturers such as Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki and Mahindra and Mahindra, expanded their domestic and international operations. India’s robust economic growth led to the further expansion of its domestic automobile market which has attracted significant India-specific investment by multinational automobile manufacturers. In February 2009, a monthly sale of passenger cars in India exceeded 100,000 units and has since grown rapidly to a record monthly high of 182,992 units in October 2009. From 2003 to 2010, car sales in India have progressed at a CAGR of 13. 7%, and with only 10% of Indian households owning a car in 2009 (whereas this figure reaches 80% in Switzerland for example) this progression is unlikely to stop in the coming decade. Congestion of Indian roads, more than market demand, will likely be the limiting factor. SIAM is the apex industry body representing all the vehicle manufacturers, home-grown and international, in India. INDUSTRY OVERVIEW This class consists of units mainly engaged in manufacturing motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines. Products and Services The primary activities of this industry are: * Motor cars manufacturing. * Motor vehicle engine manufacturing The major products and services in this industry are: * Passenger motor vehicle manufacturing segment (Passenger Cars, Utility Vehicles &Multi Purpose Vehicles) * Commercial Vehicles (Medium & Heavy and Light Commercial Vehicles) * Two-Wheelers * Three-Wheelers Key Auto Segments – Growth Expected to moderate over the next 12 months Financial Year 2012 was a landmark year – both in a positive and negative manner. It paved way for many breakthrough launches – saw the launch of segment defining Fluidic Verna, excellent value for money XUV 500, Hyundai’s entry level offering Eon and many more. It also displayed its sudden love for MPV/MUVs in the Auto Expo – Maruti’s Ertiga, Chevrolet’s Enjoy and Nissan’s Evalia were the most sought after showcase at the expo. We were now exposed to the hard truth as well – that how labour intensive the auto industry is. A labor strike can strike at Maruti shook the entire Auto Industry. The aftermath took its toll on the overall numbers. This was further catalyzed by inflation, consistent fuel hikes and rising auto interest rates. The world’s fastest growing automobile market was now under analysts scanner for its sheer volatility. Demand for cars fell for the first time in three years last July and slumped by the most in over a decade in October. SIAM which had projected a growth of over 20% had to instantly lower its projections. The Industry’s lackluster performance reflected in the overall performance of the country. In a recent report, S&P cut its outlook on India’s BBB- rating to negative from stable. This is surely not a good news for the Indian Industry in overall. The low-end hatchbacks were the ones to take the beating in FY12. For perhaps the first time in many years, small cars reported a decline in growth in 2011-12 (FY12), largely on account of Maruti Alto’s decline. Now, SIAM has forecast 10-12 percent growth in overall passenger cars for this fiscal, but this number may be lower if small car growth is again hindered. SIAM data showed that the mini car segment – which comprises Maruti 800, Alto, A-Star, and WagonR, the Chevy Spark and Hyundai’s Santro and Eon – declined by about 7 percent to 6,42,009 units (6,90,812 units) last fiscal. Sales of the Alto, the single largest selling car in India, had fallen by about 11 percent between April and February 2012. Also, for the first-time ever, bigger diesel cars – the SUVs – are selling more and there is no slowdown in ‘dieselization’. India’s largest automaker, Maruti Suzuki, expects car sales to increase by 10 per cent in the fiscal year beginning in April led by diesel models. Diesel car sales are expected to rise by 150,000 in 2012-13 while sale of petrol cars fall by 50,000, said the company. OVERALL HIGHLIGHTS: * Car sales in India rose just 2. 2 percent in FY2012 * Sales of motorcycles rose 12 percent in the previous fiscal year to 10. 1 million vehicles (10,096,062 units). * Scooter sales shot up 24. 5 per cent, to 2,562,841 units. * Total two-wheeler sales were 13,435,769 units in 2011-12 against 11,768,910 units in 2010- 11, up 14. 2 per cent. * Commercial vehicles, Siam said total sales in FY12 were 809,532 units, up 18. 2 per cent. * Three-wheeler segment that saw a decline of 2. 4 per cent at 513,251 vehicles in FY12. PROJECTIONS FOR FY2013: * # SIAM has projected passenger car sales growth at 10-12 per cent in 2012-13. * # Sales of trucks and buses, a key indicator of economic activity, rose 18. 2 percent in 2011/12 and are seen growing 9 to 11 per cent in this fiscal year. * # SIAM has pegged the motorcycle segment to grow 10-12 per cent in FY13 and scooters by 15-17 percent. Two wheeler segment is expected to have a growth of around 14-15%. * # Commercial Vehicles is projected to grow by nine to 11 per cent in FY13. * # SIAM has also projected five to seven per cent growth for Three Wheelers. Domestic car sales – expecting growth to moderate next year SUPPLY CHAIN OF AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: The supply chain of automotive industry in India is very similar to the supply chain of the automotive industry in Europe and America. The orders of the industry arise from the bottom of the supply chain.ie. From the consumers and goes through the automakers and climbs up until the third tier suppliers. However, the products, as channeled in every traditional automotive industry, flow from the top of the supply chain to reach the consumers. Automakers in India are the key to the supply chain and are responsible for the products and innovation in the industry. The description and the role of each of the contributors to the supply chain are discussed below. * Third Tier Suppliers: These companies provide basic products like rubber, glass, steel, plastic and aluminum to the second tier suppliers. * Second Tier Suppliers: These companies design vehicle systems or bodies for First Tier Suppliers and OEMs. They work on designs provided by the first tier suppliers or OEMs. They also provide engineering resources for detailed designs. Some of their services may include welding, fabrication, shearing, bending etc. * First Tier Suppliers: These companies provide major systems directly to assemblers. These companies have global coverage to follow their customers to various locations around the world. They design and innovate to provide â€Å"black-box† solutions for the requirements of their customers. Black-box solutions are solutions created by suppliers using their own technology to meet the performance and interface requirements set by assemblers. First tier suppliers are responsible not only for the assembly of parts into complete units like dashboard, brakes-axle-suspension, seats, or cockpit but also for the management of second-tier suppliers. * Automakers/Vehicle Manufacturers/Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs): After researching consumers’ wants and needs, automakers begin designing models which are tailored to consumers’ demands. The design process normally takes five years. These companies have manufacturing units where engines are manufactured and parts supplied by first tier suppliers and second tier suppliers are assembled. Automakers are the key to the supply chain of the automotive industry. Examples of these companies are Tata Motors, Maruti Suzuki, Toyota, and Honda. Innovation, design capability and branding are the main focus of these companies. * Dealers: Once the vehicles are ready they are shipped to the regional branch and from there, to the authorized dealers of the companies. The dealers then sell the vehicles to the end customers. * Parts and Accessory: These companies provide products like tires, windshields, and air bags etc. to automakers and dealers or directly to customers. * Service Providers: Some of the services to the customers include servicing of vehicles, repairing parts, or financing of vehicles. Many dealers provide these services but, customers can also choose to go to independent service providers. EXPORTS: India’s automobile exports have grown consistently and reached $4. 5 billion in 2009, with United Kingdom being India’s largest export market followed by Italy, Germany, Netherlands and South Africa. India’s automobile exports are expected to cross $12 billion by 2014. According to New York Times, India’s strong engineering base and expertise in the manufacturing of low-cost, fuel-efficient cars has resulted in the expansion of manufacturing facilities of several automobile companies like Hyundai Motors, Nissan, Toyota, Volkswagen and Suzuki. In recent years, India has emerged as a leading center for the manufacture of small cars. Hyundai, the biggest exporter from the country, now ships more than 250,000 cars annually from India. Apart from shipments to its parent Suzuki, Maruti Suzuki also manufactures small cars for Nissan, which sells them in Europe. Nissan will also export small cars from its new Indian assembly line. Tata Motors exports its passenger vehicles to Asian and African markets, and is in preparation to launch electric vehicles in Europe. The firm is also planning to launch an electric version of its low-cost car Nano in Europe and the U. S. Mahindra & Mahindra is preparing to introduce its pickup trucks and small SUV models in the U. S. market. Bajaj Auto is designing a low-cost car for the Renault Nissan Automotive India, which will market the product worldwide. Renault Nissan may also join domestic commercial vehicle manufacturer Ashok Leyland in another small car project. While the possibilities are impressive, there are challenges that could thwart future growth of the Indian automobile industry. Since the demand for automobiles in recent years is directly linked to overall economic expansion and rising personal incomes, industry growth will slow if the economy weakens. Passenger car exports from India increased 34. 16% in May, riding on the back of robust overseas sales by Hyundai Motor, Nissan Motor and Toyota Kirloskar in non-European countries. According to figures released by Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), India exported 45,036 cars in the last month compared to 33,570 units in the year-ago period. â€Å"Europe still continues to be a worry, but the growth that we have seen is mainly on account of new markets that the companies have developed,† SIAM Director General Vishnu Mathur said. In May, the country’s largest exported Hyundai Motor India Ltd (HMIL) witnessed a growth of 42. 16% at 23,659 units against 16,643 units in the same month last year. â€Å"On account of slackness in the domestic market in May, we took the opportunity to ramp up the back orders for the export market. We had higher sales of the Eon in Algeria, the i20 in South Africa and the i10 in South America, particularly in Mexico and Columbia,† a spokesperson of HMIL said. However, rival and domestic market leader Maruti Suzuki India’s overseas passenger car sales fell by 9. 42% to 9,363 units from 10,337 units in May 2011, SIAM said. Car maker Nissan Motor India saw its exports from the country going up by over two-fold to 8,157 units last month from 3,937 units in the corresponding month last year. Toyota Kirloskar Motor, which started exports from April this year, sold 1,693 units in May in South Africa, SIAM said. Ford India’s sales in overseas locations, however, dipped 15. 81% to 1,693 units from 2,011 units in May 2011. Homegrown auto major Tata Motors’ exports rose by 32. 38% to 372 units from 281 units in the year-ago period. Exports of all categories of vehicles from India during May 2012 increased by 4. 62% to 2,46,314 units from 2,35,429 units in the same month last year, SIAM said . The two-wheeler segment witnessed exports of 1,74,362 units in last month compared to 1,61,346 units in the year-ago month, up 8. 07%, it added. The motorcycle segment’s overseas sales went up by 5. 16% to 1,63,446 units from 1,55,419 units in May 2011. SIAM said exports of scooters from India increased by 87. 18% last month to 10,660 units from 5,695 units in the same month last year. However, exports of commercial vehicles decreased by 8. 72% to 7,861 units in May 2012 from 8,612 units in the corresponding month last year, it added. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS * MARKET SIZE: The Indian Automotive Industry after de-licensing in July 1991 has grown at a spectacular rate on an average of 17% for last few years. The industry has attained a turnover of USD $35. 8 billion, (INR 165,000 crores) and an investment of USD 10. 9 billion. The industry has provided direct and indirect employment to 13. 1 million people. Automobile industry is currently contributing about 5% of the total GDP of India. India’s current GDP is about $1. 4 trillion and is expected to grow to $3. 75 trillion by 2020. The projected size in 2016 of the Indian automotive industry varies between $122 billion and $159 billion including USD 35 billion in exports. This translates into a contribution of 10% to 11% towards India’s GDP by 2016, which is more than double the current contribution. * DEMAND DETERMINANTS: Interest rate (%) – cuts unlikely to spur demand Determinants of demand for this industry include vehicle prices (which are determined largely by wage, material and equipment costs) and exchange rates, preferences, the running cost of a vehicle (mainly determined by the price of petrol), income, interest rates, scrapping rates, and product innovation. Exchange Rate: Movement in the value of Rupee determines the attractiveness of Indian products overseas and the price of import for domestic consumption. Affordability: Movement in income determine the affordability of new motor vehicles. Allowing unrestricted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) led to increase in competition in the domestic market hence, making better vehicles available at affordable prices. Innovation: Product Innovation is an important determinant as it allows better models to be available each year and also encourages manufacturing of environmental friendly cars. Demographics: It is evident that high population of India has been one of the major reasons for large size of automobile industry in India. Factors that may be augment demand include rising population and an increasing proportion of young persons in the population that will be more inclined to use and replace cars. Also, increase in people with lesser dependency on traditional single family income structure is likely to add value to vehicle demand. Infrastructure: Longer-term determinants of demand include development in Indian’s infrastructure. India’s banking giant State Bank of India and Australia’s Macquarie Group has launched an infrastructure fund to rise up to USD 3 billion for infrastructure improvements. India needs about $500 billion to repair its infrastructure such as ports, roads, and power units. These investments have been made with an aim to generate long-term cash flow from automobile, power, and telecom industries. (Source: Silicon India) Price of Petrol: Movement in oil prices also have an impact on demand for large cars in India. During periods of high fuel cost as experienced from 2007, demand for large cars declined in favors of smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles. The changing patterns in customer preferences for smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles led to the launch of Tata Motor’s Nano – one of the world’s smallest and cheapest cars. Surprisingly, when overall passenger car sales have run into problems, the sales of luxury cars and SUVs, which are significantly more expensive in India than abroad due to high import taxes, have experienced encouraging growth. The Indian unit of BMW had to raise capacity at its factory four times during 2011, while sales of the high-end Jaguar Land Rover model owned by Tata Motors rose impressively during a period when more affordable passenger car sales were experiencing a downturn. * INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ANALYSIS: The Indian automotive industry embarked a new journey in 1991 with de-licensing of the sector and subsequent opening up for 100% foreign direct investment (FDI). Since then almost all global majors have set up their facilities in Indian taking the level of production from 2 million in 1991 to over 10 million in recent years. The exports in automotive sector have grown on an average compound annual growth rate of 30% per year for the last seven years. The export earnings from this sector are over USD 6 billion. Even with this rapid growth, the Indian automotive industry’s contribution in global terms is very low. This is evident from the fact that even though passenger and commercial vehicles have crossed the production figures of 2. 3 million in the year 2008, yet India’s share is about 3. 28% of world production of 70. 53 million passenger and commercial vehicles. India’s automotive exports constitute only about 0. 3% of global automotive trade. * LIFE CYCLE: The life cycle stage is growth. The market for manufacturing motor vehicles is consistently increasing. The products manufactured by this industry are profitable. Companies have been consistently opening new plats and employing over the past five years. Japanese and European manufacturers of motor vehicles have entered the market. Industry value added has been rising, along with the rise in GDP. Life Cycle Analysis General improvement in availability of trained manpower and good infrastructure is required for sustainable growth of the industry. Keeping this in view, the Indian Government has launched a unique initiative of National Automotive Testing and R&D Infrastructure Project (NATRIP) to provide specialised facilities for Testing, Certification and Homologation to the industry. A similar initiative is required for creating specialised institutions in automotive sector for education, training and development. The auto industry has grown in the clusters of interconnected companies which are linked by commonalities and complementarities. The major clusters are in and around Manesar in North, Pune in West, Chennai in South, Jamshedpur-Kolkata in East and Indore in Central India. The Government is planning to create a National Level Specialises Education and Training Institute for Automotive Sector and to enhance the transportation, communication and export infrastructure facilities. The contribution of automotive sector in the GDP of India is expected to double by 2016 through major spotlight on export of small cars, Multi-Utility Vehicles, Two- and Three-wheelers. * INDUSTRY ASSISTANCE: The automobile industry has a defined its target in the Automotive Mission Plan as â€Å"To emerge as the destination of choice in the world for design and manufacture of automobiles with output reaching a level of USD 145 billion accounting more than 10% of GDP and providing additional employment to 25 million people by 2016†. In order to achieve this plan interventions are required from both Industry and Indian Government. The Indian Government would play a key enabling role in facilitating infrastructure creation, promote the country’s capabilities, create a favorable and predictable business environment, attract investment and promote research & development. The role of Industry will primarily be in designing and manufacturing products of world-class quality standards, establishing cost competitiveness, improving productivity of both labor and capital, achieving scale and R&D enhancing capability and showcasing India’s products in potential markets. In order to achieve these goals the following key recommendations have been made in the Automotive Mission Plan to the Indian Government and Industry: Manufacturing and export of small cars, multi-utility vehicles, two- and three-wheelers, tractors, components to be promoted. Care to be taken of negative like and rules of the country with current negotiation of Free Trade Agreement and Regional Trade agreement with countries like Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Korea, Egypt, Gulf etc. Attractive Tariff Policy which may follow attractive investment. Specific measures will be taken for expansion of domestic market. Incremental investment of USD 35 to 40 billion to Automotive Industry during the next 10 years. National Road Safety Board to act as the coordinating body for promoting safety. Inspection and Certification system to be strengthened by encouraging public-private partnership. National level Automotive Institute for training on automobile at International Training Institutes (ITIs) and Automotive Training Institute (ATIs) to be set up. An Auto Design Centre to be established at National Institute of Design, Ahmadabad. National Automotive Testing and R&D Implementation Project (NATRIP) to act as Centre of Excellence for Technical Design Data. Integration of Information Technology in manufacturing to be promoted. R&D for product, process and technology to be incentivized. Road Map for Auto Fuel Policy beyond 2010 would be drawn. The profitability of motor vehicle manufacturers has been rising over the past five years, mainly due to rising demand and growth of Indian middle class. Major players of the industry, like Maruti Suzuki India and Tata Motors have been recording profits of 6% to 11% from the past five years. Whereas, earlier profit margins in the industry were only 1. 5% to 3%. Cost of material has reduced from over 85% in the year 2001-2002 to under 80% in the year2008-2009. Wages and salary as a percentage of revenue has been declining and with the increasing labor productivity this is expected to decline further in the coming years. * CAPITAL AND LABOR INTENSITY: The level of Capital Intensity is high. The level of labor intensity is medium. The motor vehicle manufacturing industry requires significant level of capital investment. Value is added through the automated manufacturing and assembly of costly components. Labor input is required in the manufacturing, assembly, and finishing processes. In order to achieve and retain competitiveness, vehicle manufacturing industry depends on its capacity and speed to innovate and upgrade. The most imperative indices for competitiveness in the industry are productivity in both labor and capital. * TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS: The level of technology change is high. The rate of change in technology is medium. Investment in technology by producers has been on the rise. The automobile industry in India has seen an enormous development in the engines which are being used. Carburetor engines have become obsolete and Multi Point Fuel Injection (MPFI) engines are the order of the days in patrol cars. The Diesel engines have also undergone a sea change from the time Rudolf Diesel invented it way back in the 1892. Today Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) is the order of the day. Multi Point Fuel injection (MPFI):The fuel injects were used to meet stricter emission norms as it keeps pollutants to bare minimum and drives the maximum performance out of a vehicle by squeezing out the maximum mileage even from the last drop of fuel that goes into the engine. MPFI system injects fuel into individual cylinders after receiving command from the on board engine management system computer or Engine Control Unit (ECU). This technology results in superior fuel combustion, better fuel management, engine performance and reduced pollution. To get the maximum out from these types of engine one should use Premium petrol like XTRA Premium, Speed, and Power. Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI): CRDI engine cars offer 25% more power than the normal direct injection engine with a superior pickup and torque, offering sometimes up to 70% more power than the conventional diesel engines. They are smooth, less strident, and immensely.