Jeffrey Dahmer

Jeffrey Dahmer When I was a little kid I was just like anybody else. I was born in Milwaukee in May 21, 1960, the son of Lionel and Joyce Dahmer. At the age of six after some minor surgery, which coincided with the birth of my brother, there seemed to be a change in me. At the time a career opportunity for my father resulted in my family moving from Iowa to Ohio. I don’t know why it started. I don’t have any definite answers on that myself. If I knew the true, real reasons why all this started, before it ever did, I wouldn’t probably have done any of it.Though the thoughts were like arrows, shooting through my mind from out of the blue. By the time I was fourteen the compulsions to murder and necrophilia began to occur. I’d rather be talking about anything else in the world right now, but just after I graduated from high school, in June 1978, I picked up a hitchhiker named Steven Hicks, I took him home to my parents' house, where we drank beer and had sex. When he tried to leave, I killed him with a barbell by hitting his head. That night in Ohio, that was one impulsive night. Nothing’s been normal since then. It tainted my whole life.After it happened I thought I’d just try to live as normally as possible and bury it, but things like that don’t stay buried. I didn’t think it would, but it does, it tainted my whole life. I wish I hadn’t done it. At the same time of my first killing, my alcohol consumption became uncontrollable and in January 1979, I dropped out of Ohio State University after only one term due to my drunkenness. Thus, my recently remarried father insisted that I enlist in the Army, and I was sent to Germany. Though my drinking problem persisted and two years later the Army discharged me for alcoholism.Following my discharge I returned home to Ohio where I went through Hicks' decomposing remains, pulverized them with a hammer, and scattered the pieces even more widely in the woods. La ter in October 1981 I was arrested for disorderly conduct and my father sent me to live with my grandmother in Wisconsin, but my alcohol problems persisted. My next arrest occurred some years later, in September 1986, for masturbating in front of two young boys, for which I received a one-year probationary sentence. In September 1987 I took my second victim, Steven Toumi, whom I met in a gay bar.We checked into a hotel room and drank a lot. I had no intention of doing it. However, the next morning, I found Toumi dead beside me. I was in complete shock. I just couldn’t believe I had done it again after those years when I’d done nothing like that. I don’t know what was going through my mind. I have no memory of it. I tried to dredge it up but I have no memory whatsoever. I bought a large suitcase to transport Toumi's corpse to my grandmother's basement, where I had sex with, and masturbated on it, before dismembering it and disposing of the remains in the rubbish. I developed a pattern of murder that persisted for the duration of my thirteen year killing spree: I sought out mostly African-American men at gay meeting places, lured them home to his grandmother's basement with promises of money or sex, where I would ply them with alcohol laced with drugs, strangle them, have sex with the corpse or masturbate on it, then dismember the corpses and dispose of them, usually keeping their genitals or skulls as souvenirs.I often took photos of each victim at various stages of my murder process, so I could recollect each act afterwards and relive the experience. This re-enactment included assembling the skulls and masturbating in front of them, to achieve gratification. My grandmother eventually tired of the late nights and drunkenness, although she had no knowledge of the other activities, forced me to move out in September 1988, but before that I killed another two people at her house.At this point I had an extreme close call with authorities: I had an encounter with a thirteen-year-old Laotian boy which resulted in charges of sexual exploitation, and second-degree sexual assault, being laid against me. I pleaded guilty, claiming that the boy had appeared much older and, while I awaited sentencing, I moved back in temporarily with my grandmother, where I once again put her basement to gruesome use; in February 1989 I lured an aspiring African-American model, named Anthony Sears, and I drugged, strangled, sodomized, photographed, dismembered and disposed of his body.In May 1989, at my trial for child molestation, to my defense the counsel argued that I needed treatment, not incarceration and the judge agreed, handing down a five year probationary sentence, with one year prison sentence on â€Å"day release†, under which I continued to work at my job, but returned to the prison at night. I was released after ten months, despite my father writing to the judge urging him that I be held until I had received appropriate treatm ent. Then I spent three months with my grandmother on my release before moving into my own partment in May 1990. During the next fifteen months before the time of my capture, my victim count accelerated; and I killed 12 more young men. I developed rituals as I progressed, experimenting with chemical means of disposal, and I also consumed the flesh of my victims. I drilled into my victim's skulls while they were still alive, injecting them with Muriatic acid to see whether I could extend my control to the living. Most of my victims died instantly, but one man survived for a number of days in a zombie-like state, with limited motor function.I was always careful to select my victims on the fringes of society, so that it was less likely for the police to search for them. In the case of my thirteenth victim I had yet another close call; it was a 14-year-old Laotian boy who was, coincidentally, the younger brother of the boy I had been convicted of molesting three years earlier. To my dis may on May 26, 1991, my neighbor, Sandra Smith, called the police to report that a young Asian boy was running naked in the street. When the police arrived, he was incoherent, and the police believed me when I told them that the boy was my 19-year-old lover who had just had too much to drink.The police escorted me and my victim home at which point I strangled the boy and continued with my usual rituals. My luck finally ran out on July 22, 1991, when two Milwaukee police officers picked up Tracy Edwards, a young African-American, who was wandering in the streets with a handcuff dangling from one of his wrists. They decided to follow up his claims that a â€Å"weird dude† had drugged and restrained him, and they coincidently arrived at my apartment, where I calmly offered to get the keys for the handcuffs.Edwards claimed that the knife I had threatened him with was in the bedroom and when the officer went in to corroborate the story he noticed photographs of dismembered bodies lying around. He shouted to his colleague to restrain me so I fought back but I was eventually subdued. A subsequent search revealed the head in the fridge, as well as three more in the freezer, and preserved skulls, jars containing genitalia, and an extensive gallery of macabre photographs. I think in some way I wanted it to end, even if it meant my own destruction. Yes, I do have remorse, but I’m not even sure myself whether it is as profound as it should be.I’ve always wondered myself why I don’t feel more remorse. I was completely swept away with my own compulsion. I don’t know how else to put it. It didn’t satisfy me completely so I was thinking another one will. Maybe this one will, and the numbers started growing and just got out of control, as you can see. When you’ve done the type of things I’ve done, it’s easier not to reflect on yourself. When I start thinking about how it’s affecting the families of people, a nd my family and everything, it doesn’t do me any good. It just gets me very upset.Despite having confessed to the killings during police interrogation, I initially pleaded not guilty to all charges. However, against the advice of my legal counsel, I changed my plea to guilty by virtue of insanity. My defense then offered every gruesome detail of my behavior, as proof that only someone insane could commit such terrible acts, but the jury chose to believe the prosecutor's assertion that I was fully aware that my acts were evil, but that I chose to commit them anyway, which resulted after only five hours deliberation in the finding of me being guilty, but sane, on all counts, on February 17, 1992.I was sentenced to fifteen consecutive life terms, a total of 957 years in prison. I adjusted well to prison life, although I was initially kept apart from the general population. I convinced authorities to allow me to incorporate more with other inmate. On November 28, 1994, in accord ance with my inclusion in regular work details, I was assigned to work with two other prisoners, one of whom was a white supremacist murderer, Jesse Anderson, and the other a delusional, schizophrenic African-American murderer, Christopher Scarver.Twenty minutes after we had been left alone to complete their tasks the guards returned to find that Scarver had crushed my skull, and fatally beaten Anderson with an object. Following my death, the city of Milwaukee was keen to distance itself from the horrors of my actions, and the ensuing media circus surrounding my trial.In 1996, fearing that someone else might purchase my fridge, photographs and killing tools collection and start a museum, they raised more than $400,000 to buy his effects, which they promptly incinerated. This is the grand finale of a life poorly spent and the end result is just overwhelmingly depressing, it’s just a sick, pathetic, wretched, miserable life story, that’s all it is. I should have gone to college and gone into real estate and got myself an aquarium, that’s what I should have done.

Why we hate HR

This shows the critical role and function f human resources management (HARM) in an organization. However, some concerns are articulated in the article â€Å"Why We Hate HER†. The author did some research on the effectiveness and efficiency of HARM function, finding that the HARM does not do their own Job virtually and accountably to maximize the human resources–finding the best hires, nurturing the stars, and fostering a productive work environment. Although some of the author's points may be somewhat radical, some points are knowledgeable.In the following analysis, own opinions are presenting to analyze and evaluate the author's arguments about the HER function in organizations. HER People aren't the Sharpest Tacks in the Box (Disagree) As I mentioned before, employees are valuable assets of an organization to offer necessary labor and worthy expertise. They are executors and performers following the top level management to make efforts and contributions to the organi zation. They are also related to the development and progress of an organization. Where do these employees come from?HER professionals hire them; and then train them to maximize their function and obligation. â€Å"HER is something of an umbrella term, encompassing many various functions within its scope. As the strength of [an organization] relies upon the strength of its employees, the effective management of an organization's human resources can propel the [organization] toward higher levels of performance. † (Kennedy, May/June 2004, Para. 2&3). This reveals the importance of HARM in an organization to regulate and manage employees and human relations across the different departments.In addition, the author divides the HER people into two classifications. One is intelligent people who fare poorly in meatier role, but not poorly enough to be fired so that exile from organization mainstream into HER apartment. Another type is those who enter the field by choice and with the best of intentions, but for the wrong reasons such as liking working with people. From own view, this classification is somewhat subjective and biased. Human resources people are employees of an organization as well.In order to execute their function, cursorily choosing and arranging them is not a wise way to improve the role of HARM so that the possibility of exile should be tiny. The ability and quality of HER people should be high enough to control the entrance of new employees, improvement of experienced employees, and human relations across the entire organization. HER Pursues Efficiency in Lieu of Value (Agree) The worth of deliverables is a vital measurement to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of HARM.This means the HER people are not measured by what they do but by what they deliver to not only the employees and line managers, but also the investors and customers. Recently, â€Å"the rapidly changing dynamics of the marketplace are forcing [organizations] to question whether they have the appropriate [knowledge], processes, and technology to deliver†¦ HER services that add alee and are cost effective† (Donahue, June 1996, Para. 2). This reflects two different kinds of deliverables, adding value and saving cost.Capital asset is used to produce value-added. The way of value creation is usually divided into two forms: material capital and human capital. In the perspective of human capital, it â€Å"refers to the aggregation of knowledge, skills, and vigor endowed in people, and it is the main body of value creation. With the emergence and popularity of human capital theory, people began to attach importance to human capital in economic growth, which accordingly contributes to the increase in human capital investment† (Ghana & Run- titan Jinn, March 2006, Para. ). This shows the tendency of value creation by HARM to the development of an organization. Specifically, HER people should connect right employees to the suitable position while selecting. Afterward, they should train the employees appropriately to deliver valuable and useful information so that new employees could better understand the organization, position, and responsibility. Finally, through performance appraisal, some issues and matters should be fixed. All Hess ways could add value into the organization to improve the progress.Cost saving is another type of deliverables that performs in the opposite way of adding value. It closely related to the financial executives so that the cooperation between financial function and HER function is tight and vital. â€Å"Financial executives need to make sure their organization's HER function runs smoothly and cost efficiently†¦ By performing a structured analysis of HER service delivery, [organizations] often can gain perspective on the proper course to follow to transform the HER function (Donahue, June 1996, Para. 11).The way of cost effectiveness by HARM could be communication among executives an d determination a realizable strategy in order to deliver HER services for equity and diversity in the future. HER isn't Working for You (Neutrality) HARM is restricted by legal labor regulations promulgated by the government authority, such as Equal Employment Opportunity, Fair Labor Standards, and Occupational Safety and Health. In addition, the organization itself has own policies and rules to be followed by HARM. This means HER people have to accept both the outsider and insider supervisions with reasonable caution to make sure it does not UN afoul of the rules.Usually, they pursue standardization and uniformity in the face of a workforce that is heterogeneous and complex because this way is relatively easy to regulate and manage the employees and functions. They have a tension created by HRS role as protector of the organization's assets so that compliance is put in the first place. Nothing would be smooth all the time. There are still some exceptions that violate the strict ru les. These exceptions should be considered by HER people under their management.Therefore, at this time, the way used by HER people o deal with the exceptions is important since it not only shows the capability of adoption, but also relates to the maintenance of relationship between employees and functions. In the article of â€Å"Why We Hate HER†, the author is somewhat radical that all the exceptions are not considered carefully and dealt with well by HER people because they follow the rules strictly without any exception. The author also describes that bureaucrats everywhere abhor exceptions–not Just because they open up the organization to charges of bias, but because they require more than rote solutions.From own viewpoint, the author's explanation is reasonable and understandable, but not absolute. Klein (Seep. 1998) found that â€Å"[Organization] human resource managers†¦ Often get no respect because they work in the so called â€Å"soft† end of th e company and seemingly don't directly affect the bottom line† (Para. 1). This reveals the reason why HER people do not accept some exceptions: the influence of accepting exceptions is diminutive that has no effectiveness and efficiency to the organization. Under this condition, some exceptions are ignored, not Just because HER people are lazy to find the solutions.Therefore, although there may be some excuses from HER people, most exceptions are considered carefully by HER people. The reason why some employees feel ignored may be that HARM do not give out a reasonable explanation timely and persuasively. Conclusion In my opinion, some of the author's main points are reasonable and persuasive, but some others may be somewhat radical. The importance of HARM cannot be ignored. It acts as a transporter between employees and employers, working for both of them. The function of HARM is to add value into the organization and save cost to maintain the worth of the organization. Why we hate HR This shows the critical role and function f human resources management (HARM) in an organization. However, some concerns are articulated in the article â€Å"Why We Hate HER†. The author did some research on the effectiveness and efficiency of HARM function, finding that the HARM does not do their own Job virtually and accountably to maximize the human resources–finding the best hires, nurturing the stars, and fostering a productive work environment. Although some of the author's points may be somewhat radical, some points are knowledgeable.In the following analysis, own opinions are presenting to analyze and evaluate the author's arguments about the HER function in organizations. HER People aren't the Sharpest Tacks in the Box (Disagree) As I mentioned before, employees are valuable assets of an organization to offer necessary labor and worthy expertise. They are executors and performers following the top level management to make efforts and contributions to the organi zation. They are also related to the development and progress of an organization. Where do these employees come from?HER professionals hire them; and then train them to maximize their function and obligation. â€Å"HER is something of an umbrella term, encompassing many various functions within its scope. As the strength of [an organization] relies upon the strength of its employees, the effective management of an organization's human resources can propel the [organization] toward higher levels of performance. † (Kennedy, May/June 2004, Para. 2&3). This reveals the importance of HARM in an organization to regulate and manage employees and human relations across the different departments.In addition, the author divides the HER people into two classifications. One is intelligent people who fare poorly in meatier role, but not poorly enough to be fired so that exile from organization mainstream into HER apartment. Another type is those who enter the field by choice and with the best of intentions, but for the wrong reasons such as liking working with people. From own view, this classification is somewhat subjective and biased. Human resources people are employees of an organization as well.In order to execute their function, cursorily choosing and arranging them is not a wise way to improve the role of HARM so that the possibility of exile should be tiny. The ability and quality of HER people should be high enough to control the entrance of new employees, improvement of experienced employees, and human relations across the entire organization. HER Pursues Efficiency in Lieu of Value (Agree) The worth of deliverables is a vital measurement to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of HARM.This means the HER people are not measured by what they do but by what they deliver to not only the employees and line managers, but also the investors and customers. Recently, â€Å"the rapidly changing dynamics of the marketplace are forcing [organizations] to question whether they have the appropriate [knowledge], processes, and technology to deliver†¦ HER services that add alee and are cost effective† (Donahue, June 1996, Para. 2). This reflects two different kinds of deliverables, adding value and saving cost.Capital asset is used to produce value-added. The way of value creation is usually divided into two forms: material capital and human capital. In the perspective of human capital, it â€Å"refers to the aggregation of knowledge, skills, and vigor endowed in people, and it is the main body of value creation. With the emergence and popularity of human capital theory, people began to attach importance to human capital in economic growth, which accordingly contributes to the increase in human capital investment† (Ghana & Run- titan Jinn, March 2006, Para. ). This shows the tendency of value creation by HARM to the development of an organization. Specifically, HER people should connect right employees to the suitable position while selecting. Afterward, they should train the employees appropriately to deliver valuable and useful information so that new employees could better understand the organization, position, and responsibility. Finally, through performance appraisal, some issues and matters should be fixed. All Hess ways could add value into the organization to improve the progress.Cost saving is another type of deliverables that performs in the opposite way of adding value. It closely related to the financial executives so that the cooperation between financial function and HER function is tight and vital. â€Å"Financial executives need to make sure their organization's HER function runs smoothly and cost efficiently†¦ By performing a structured analysis of HER service delivery, [organizations] often can gain perspective on the proper course to follow to transform the HER function (Donahue, June 1996, Para. 11).The way of cost effectiveness by HARM could be communication among executives an d determination a realizable strategy in order to deliver HER services for equity and diversity in the future. HER isn't Working for You (Neutrality) HARM is restricted by legal labor regulations promulgated by the government authority, such as Equal Employment Opportunity, Fair Labor Standards, and Occupational Safety and Health. In addition, the organization itself has own policies and rules to be followed by HARM. This means HER people have to accept both the outsider and insider supervisions with reasonable caution to make sure it does not UN afoul of the rules.Usually, they pursue standardization and uniformity in the face of a workforce that is heterogeneous and complex because this way is relatively easy to regulate and manage the employees and functions. They have a tension created by HRS role as protector of the organization's assets so that compliance is put in the first place. Nothing would be smooth all the time. There are still some exceptions that violate the strict ru les. These exceptions should be considered by HER people under their management.Therefore, at this time, the way used by HER people o deal with the exceptions is important since it not only shows the capability of adoption, but also relates to the maintenance of relationship between employees and functions. In the article of â€Å"Why We Hate HER†, the author is somewhat radical that all the exceptions are not considered carefully and dealt with well by HER people because they follow the rules strictly without any exception. The author also describes that bureaucrats everywhere abhor exceptions–not Just because they open up the organization to charges of bias, but because they require more than rote solutions.From own viewpoint, the author's explanation is reasonable and understandable, but not absolute. Klein (Seep. 1998) found that â€Å"[Organization] human resource managers†¦ Often get no respect because they work in the so called â€Å"soft† end of th e company and seemingly don't directly affect the bottom line† (Para. 1). This reveals the reason why HER people do not accept some exceptions: the influence of accepting exceptions is diminutive that has no effectiveness and efficiency to the organization. Under this condition, some exceptions are ignored, not Just because HER people are lazy to find the solutions.Therefore, although there may be some excuses from HER people, most exceptions are considered carefully by HER people. The reason why some employees feel ignored may be that HARM do not give out a reasonable explanation timely and persuasively. Conclusion In my opinion, some of the author's main points are reasonable and persuasive, but some others may be somewhat radical. The importance of HARM cannot be ignored. It acts as a transporter between employees and employers, working for both of them. The function of HARM is to add value into the organization and save cost to maintain the worth of the organization.

On the Film Zero Dark Thirty and Torture Essay

Zero Dark Thirty is a 2013 film directed by award-winning director Kathryn Bigelow, and is a narration about the multiple time-skips of how Maya (Jessica Chastain), a new CIA recruit, beat the odds which led to Osama Bin Laden’s ultimate death. â€Å"Our plane’s been hijacked. I hope I can be able to see your face again, baby. I love you! Goodbye!† were lines from the actual 9/11 audio footage at the beginning of the film and from that, I thought that Zero Dark Thirty would be an emotionally-touching action-packed movie. Because of an exciting plot, I expected it to be a thrilling film but it turned out to be despicably monotonous. Set in the bustling streets and the danger-prone areas of the Middle East, the set design became largely influential to the film, and it added to the viewer’s experience. However, if I hadn’t known that the movie was directed by Academy-Award winner, Kathryn Bigelow, I would have thought that this was directed by an unkno wn director. The chapter-by-chapter time skip actually took the plot away from the movie — it became choppy and incomprehensible. One moment we see Ammar (Reda Kateb) being tortured, and then in the next screen, it’s suddenly two years later. The only commendable action scene in the movie being Osama Bin Laden’s ambush, the plot seemed to drag as we see more conversations and less action than what we expected to see. The movie poster also said that the writer, Mark Boal, is an Academy award-winning screenwriter but it puzzles me how he actually got the information about the happenings when CIA operations are supposed to be undisclosed. Why would the scriptwriter just name-drop sites that were supposedly top-secret, like the existence of Area 51? Thus, the credibility of the events and places seem questionable. Moreover, the flood of names of terrorists in conversations was actually confusing and the discussions about situations in ISI were unnecessary. I wanted to see scenes related to finding Abu Ahmed and ultimately, Bin Laden. I wanted action, not conversations. Though the pacing was unbelievab ly slow, the cinematography during the bombing in the restaurant Maya and Jennifer were eating at was brilliant. The transition was truly surprising — one moment Jennifer was talking to someone over the phone, and then the next, the restaurant was already in pieces and people were dying. Maya’s expression of pure shock and terror was perfectly captured the camera. The editing of the movie headed by William Goldenberg was realistic, and the bombings were so unpredictable, I was surprised and scared out of my seat. Mostly, the ambush operation in the last 30 minutes of the film was so professionally shot it could pass up as an actual footage. It’s the little moments that make this film alive. After the phone call from Maya’s supervisor, stating that tonight will be the ambush, we witness the bonds of the â€Å"canaries† – the way they goofed around and gambled, yet still looked out for each other. Viewers always have the impression that soldiers are brute men who would sacrifice anything and anyone for their purpose, but this scene actually gives the impr ession that they’re men too who treasure the bonds they have. The only comical relief during the movie was provided by Dan’s sarcasm and personality. Ironically, this attitude always comes up during the supposedly-heartbreaking torture scenes which made it particularly hard for me to sympathize with Ammar (Reda Kateb). Another highlight of his role was when Dan fed the monkeys in a CIA site. I remembered the previous scene when Ammar said that Dan was an animal, and as the monkeys stole the ice cream from Dan, I saw how it was similar to their situation. Dan takes and takes from Ammar, but eventually, Ammar gets the best of him when he doesn’t provide information. As I contemplated about the film after watching it, I think the reason why it seemed so bland and dry is because it lacked the action that viewers are used to see in fictional CIA films. The super cool CIA combat and the shooting scenes where the CIA agent never gets shot weren’t present in the movie. Instead, the movie consisted of CIA operatives who commit mistakes and ultimately get killed, like Jennifer (Jennifer Ehle); we meet heartless CIA agents like Dan (Jason Clarke) who would torture a man endlessly to get the information he needs. We see unsexy Maya, an ordinary-looking woman who wears identical suits every day, who got carried away by emotions after Jennifer’s death and during her confrontation with Joseph Bradley (Kyle Chandler), and who was almost killed once in an attempt at her life. The film was made up of one-dimensional characters who got frustrated when they can’t do anything. I wanted to know the characters more but there was zero character development. There weren’t even any scenes about Maya’s past, like why and how was she recruited out of high school? Did she ever get in touch with Jennifer’s family after her death? This lack of character personality development and the blankness of her facial expressions in most of her screen time made me wonder why Jessica Chastain is praised for her role in Zero Dark Thirty. I’ve recently watched Les Miserables and if Jessica Chastain were to be nominated in the same category as Anne Hathaway for an Oscar, then Chastain could just say that she dreamed a dream of winning an Oscar. I won’t say that she did not deserve her Golden Globe award, but I never thought she’d be nominated for it either. Her portrayal as the angry young Bin Laden-obsessed CIA agent was so stereotyp ical — she started as the nervous, awkward new CIA operative and then ultimately became the â€Å"motherfucker,† as she puts it, who found Bin Laden’s location. Maya always had this expressionless face, as if trying very hard to capture a CIA agent’s demeanor. In fact, I only began to sympathize with Maya upon the death of Jennifer. Her endless pursuit of Bin Laden became more personal from this point, proving that nothing motivates like revenge. I think that the scene where Maya shook her head and then cried actually concludes the plot well because it showed her human side and the drive that has been pushing her all along. She quotes in one scene that her friends got killed because of the hunt and she believes that she has been spared for a reason. This gives justice to her emotions in the end, where she finally breaks down as the realization that she has reached her goal after almost a decade — yet the friends she had made along the way were already gone. She is no longer the new, awkward CIA recruit, rather, Maya has become the CIA operative who resorted to all means possible to take down Osama Bin Laden. With the methods th at the movie’s characters practiced, there has been much speculation whether the film is pro-torture or not. The director and the writer of the film presented these â€Å"enhanced interrogation techniques† as a part of the pursuit. So for me, it’s not a pro-torture movie but at the same time, it’s not anti-torture either. If Zero Dark Thirty were pro-torture, then the viewers should have seen how Ammar gave information after being tortured, but he did not. Instead we see that the key piece to the puzzle for finding Bin Laden was actually served to Dan and Maya over lunch, not during torture time. And if the movie were anti-torture, then there shouldn’t have been any torture scenes in the movie — leaving Reda Kateb, who played Ammar, with zero talent fee. The film showed that Maya was convinced that the location of Bin Laden’s courier, Abu Ahmed, is crucial to the pursuit not because there was information revealed during the torture sessions, rather, it’s the detainees’ refusal to give up any information about the courier that connects the dots for Maya. Therefore, the film depicts numerous, albeit controversial, practices used in America’s pursuit for Osama Bin Laden. It shows that torturing Jihad-driven detainees or buying a man a Lamborghini as bribery weren’t the ultimate keys for solving the puzzle that led to Bin Laden. No single method can perfectly encapsulate the sum of the efforts of the people behind the manhunt for Bin Laden. The totality of their hard work and passion was what the filmmakers strived to partake, so for me, the movie isn’t raising any notions on being pro or against these methods. Zero Dark Thirty relays the fact that we tread different paths in life with a great number of sacrifices along the way. Though this movie doesn’t live up to its tagline â€Å"The Greatest Manhunt in History,† is still a perfect example of humanity’s journey towards his goals. Americans would continue to preserve their seat of power, while the Muslims would continue to do anything to reach Jihad. I wanted to be awed by this film and I wanted to feel the characters’ emotions, but the film gave me neither. The lack of emotion in Zero Dark Thirty makes me think that the budget for this should have been allocated to a film with a different perspective, like a documentary, and not as a film with actors and actresses playing roles they fail to give color to.

The University Art Museum Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The University Art Museum Analysis - Case Study Example Ultimately, this structure did not vibe with the university’s culture resulting in the search for a new museum director. Currently, there are a number of competing perspectives on the direction the museum should take. From an overarching perspective it is clear that there are individuals that believe while the previous director was off-based and abrasive in interviews, his populist vision for the museum was the proper approach to development; conversely, there are individuals that believe that the museum should assume a more scholarly and intellectual path. Within the second consideration, there is a further variety of opinion in terms of the extent that the museum should service the university. For instance, one individual states that, â€Å"I would strongly urge that the museum be considered an adjunct to graduate and especially to Ph.D. education, confine itself to this work, and stay out of all attempts to be ‘popular,’ both on campus and outside of it† (Drucker, pg. 83). This sentiment is a vision of the museum that not only opposes the establishment of a populist structure wi thin the community, but also within the university structure. While the changes the previous director instituted were appropriate for populist appreciation of the museum, it ultimately seems these aims are better implemented in a different museum environment. One of the important considerations in discarding this previous management structure is noted by an individual that stated, â€Å"The city has one of the world’s finest and biggest museums, and it does exactly that and it does it very well† (Drucker, pg. 83). In these regards, continuing the previous directs vision would be a mistake. The museum’s current mission statement should be to present education and exhibitions programs that blur the boundaries between visual arts and design, technology, music, and contemporary culture and the vision should be to provide a forum for the investigation of contemporary

The Black Hawk War in Utah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Black Hawk War in Utah - Essay Example Lyman states that the relationship between the Indians and the white settlers who were mostly Mormons was quite rough (12). Some of the southern Paiutes even converted to Mormonism. However, the Ute Indians had general hostilities with the Mormons and the settlers. During the Black Hawk War, Navajo Indians increased the hostilities by attacking Dixie ranches. Many Mormons and white settlers were killed in inhumane manner. The Indians were ruthless in their attacks. Winkler states that most of the white settlers armed themselves against the Indians and carried out revenge attacks without involving the US government. Indian villages were raided and razed down by church militias. The farms belonging to the Ute Indians were razed down leading to many deaths due to famine between 1866 and 1869. Winkler states that on 18 July 1865, Mormon militias killed tens of Native Americans including women and children (13). Furthermore, the Indians that were captured during cattle raids were exposed to extreme torture methods in order to reveal the place where other tribes were hiding. Lyman further states that Indian warriors captured white traders en route to parts of southern Utah killing them (7). The major causes of the black hawk war were pressure on Indian settlement populations, destruction of ecosystem and Indian subsistence leading to starvation. This was due to white Settlement expansion and latter day saints in open war with Native Americans. Peterson asserts that the major cause of the war was the pressure on Indian tribes in Utah (14). Since 1837, white settlers had been pushing native Indians from their homeland in the native reserve. South Utah was one of the major areas that were affected. The Ute and Navajo who used to plant corn for food were hugely affected as they lost their land to Mormon ranches. The Ute led by a young chief called black Hawk started to carry out attacks on the Mormon settlements in order to steal cattle for their food. Lyman, on the othe r hand states that Mormon militia due to suspicion attacked some Indian tribes that were seen to be friendly to the Mormons in central Utah (19). These include the Koosharen who were commonly known as the horseless Ute. During the black hawk war, there was an emergence of what was commonly referred to as the Frontier justice for those who were thought to have committed crimes, witch-hunts. Lack of federal soldier’s aid to help end the war was due to the inability to differentiate between friendly and enemy Indians. Reeve states that the system of justice in Utah was crucial as a cause of war. Reeve states that the white’s had formed a militia in order to protect their interests and deal with conduct amongst themselves administered the system. The justice system during the black hawk war led to white settlers to engage in excess in legal constraints. Indian women and children were also killed after being caught as captives. In addition to this, the legal authority was a ccused of excesses. However, the legal system would let these blatant forms of murder and human rights abuses unpunished. Winkler states that Indians chiefs had their own system of justice. In the case of Joseph and Robert Perry’s murder, Indian chiefs prosecuted the Navajos who had participated in the murder by punishing them (6). However, Winkler states th

Wholefood Company evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wholefood Company evaluation - Essay Example Customers who are not able to reach the outlets are able to ask for home deliveries using social media, which can be made available for them. Interaction with customers of all kinds helps Whole Foods Company understand their customers better and learn about their interests and dislikes. One of their major goals was to make relevant contents. All their stores located at different places created different accounts to inform customers on latest foods, and information about new developments at the stores. These accounts address specific customers’ desires and interests. Customers’ feedback about Whole Foods Company products, gives a general understanding of how customers enjoy the services, and what changes can be made to improve the company. Events happening at any of the stores are updated in the account, as well as foods review. The company also created other accounts for different products, which the customers use to interact with the department heads. Social interaction has helped Whole Foods Company to reach customers no matter where they are. Interaction with customers is important for growth of the company. The company has other social medial channels which help to expand channels of communication with customers. This is to give satisfaction and reach as many customers as possible. Customers also learn a lot concerning ingredients, healthy tips and various recipes, an action that makes the company more interesting and appealing. Whole Foods Company uses social media to attract customers who only shop occasionally for just a few favorite items. They do this by making announcements of promotions or short-term sales of some items to be sold on a single day only. In such an occasion, customers who do not shop regularly make time and shop at the store. Whole Foods allow time for customers to ask questions about products or anything else. This makes the company easy to approach and clear any doubts about products and prices. Customers post their

Hinduism and Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hinduism and Judaism - Essay Example There are interesting similarities and differences in their foundational teachings that show some of the elements that unite people, and some of the ways in which cultural context informs religious development. Hinduism traces its roots back to approximately 2500 B.C. It was not a religion that began with one particular historical event, but was rather a gradual development of beliefs by peoples in the Indus Valley (Zaehner, pg. 15). Its sacred literature has two categories: sruti and smriti. The sruti were heard, or divinely revealed, and include the Vedas (the most ancient Hindu scriptures), the Upanishads, the Brahmanas, and the Aranyakas. The Vedas contain the creation account, regulations for sacrifices, and prayers. According to Hindu tradition, these texts were secretly taught by a prophet to a disciple (David S. Noss, 55). The smriti are texts that were remembered or passed down orally. The difference is that these were written by humans rather than by the gods. The smriti consist of the epics, the Sutras and the Puranas. The epics are long poems about events in the lives of heroic warriors. The Sutras relate to such ideas as dharma, yoga, and Vedanta. The most significant of these was the Laws of Manu, or the Manusmriti, which concerned proper law and conduct for Hindus. The Puranas are mythological writings, containing the stories of the gods and goddesses (Knott, pg. 24-25). The Indus Valley civilization cohered around two cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Between 2500 and 2000 B.C., the nomadic Indo-Aryans began to migrate into this area, just as the Indus Valley peoples began to disappear. The Vedas were the scriptures of the Indo-Aryans and are most commonly acknowledged as the basis for Hinduism, and they are also said to be Hinduism's supreme authority (Morgan, pg. 32). The Vedic conception of rita, or cosmic order, later served as the basis for the ideas of dharma and karma. The gods served as guardians of this idea of rita and had to be propitiated regularly by sacrifice. (Morgan, pg. 33). And so with the idea of sacrifice came a collection of regulations and technicalities for the sacrifice process (Kinsley, pg. 92). During this time, the priesthood came to assume a good amount of power in society. Such new doctrines as the four stages of life, the idea of transmigration, and the origins of the caste system (Morgan, pg. 48). While in its foundat ional stages, Hinduism had claimed that the soul could die, either on Earth or even in heaven, but this change had the soul being reborn in an endless cycle, seeking release, or moksha from this unending existence. Despite the fact that Judaism started far from Hinduism, there are many striking similarities to complement the differences between the two faiths. According to such sources as the Tanakh and the Talmud, the Jewish faith is based on a covenant between God and Abraham, established approximately in 2000 B.C., and renewed between God and Moses around 1200 B.C. Unlike Hinduism, Judaism is monotheistic (Huns Kung, pg. 88). Like Hinduism, Judaism relies on its texts and traditions to provide its central authority. Like the Vedas, the Torah underwent a brief period of

Organizational Vision Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organizational Vision Analysis - Research Paper Example Gradually, new programs were introduced such as oceanography, computer science, psychology, business administration, education and law and very soon Nova began to be accepted for its high standards. While educational reach was being constantly expanded at Nova, Southeastern University of the Health Sciences was also expanding. Southeastern University of the Health Sciences added learning centers for dental medicine, medical sciences, allied health, optometry and pharmacy between the years 1987 to 1997. It is noteworthy that Nova University became a part of the Southeastern University of the Health Sciences in 1995 and the two merged entities began to be called Nova Southeastern University (Nova Southeastern University, 2011). Main Body The vision of Nova Southeastern University is to be an independent institution without being under the control of any state university system. Consequently, the staff, faculty and administration of NSU strive to provide students and society at large wi th self-supporting opportunities of higher education. Because of such independence, a large variety of options are available to students and it is clear that in keeping with this vision, the Board of Trustees of NSU intend to continue with this practice. The mission of Nova Southeastern University is to provide a large number of diversified and innovative educational programs that include on campus opportunities as well as distance learning programs to encourage research, leadership, intellectual enquiry, excellence and commitments towards society by engaging faculty and students in a vibrant and life long learning process. A major objective of NSU is to focus on students by transforming them into educated, competent and principled professionals in different fields. The university is committed to the concept that education does not imply that teaching is limited for a given time period for any student. NSU has been enhancing the traditional effectiveness of educational services deli veries by effectively using telecommunication and information technology. NSU continues to consistently use educational resources, emerging technology and other effective delivery systems in demonstrating that education can be provided without the constraints of time, location or learning style (Mohan, 1993). NSU has a consistent goal of pursuing multi-disciplinary teaching approaches and acquiring knowledge. An important agenda is to enhance the integration of education programs from undergraduate to graduation level as well as to ascertain that synergy is achieved between professionals and social issues. NSU encourages the free exchange of ideas wile programs are developed in responding to societal needs so that future professionals can be equipped with conventional competency as well as ethical sensibility and commitment towards enhancing professional and social values. A long term goal of NSU is to tackle present technology in ways that it is compatible with the rapid technologi cal change that is happening constantly, with the basic idea of operating in a culturally diverse environment. NSU continues to be supportive of the crucial relationship amongst theory and practice and plans to create efficient education delivery procedures in impacting the working environment and creating stimulating education structures. The university strongly believes that community service is a crucial element

To Build a Strong Brand within the Fashion Industry Essay

To Build a Strong Brand within the Fashion Industry - Essay Example This paper illustrates that interpretivism has been found to be applicable for this particular research study. Interpretivism combines varied approaches together and tries to comprehend the humankind as it is experienced and made considerable by the experiences of human beings. This philosophy takes into account the individual experiences and their beliefs and opinions to form a genuine conclusion that presents a study that lay concealed in such human experiences. In short, this approach takes the individual understanding to reflect the outcomes of the study. Thus this research philosophy has enabled the present study to focus on the details of the research to determine an understanding on building of a strong brand in the fashion industry. The research has been based on a secondary study involving both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Thus the data that have been collected and used for the study have both qualitative as well as quantitative information. For instance, t he business reports included financial status of the fashion companies, hence involving quantitative data. On the other hand, the theories and previous researches concerning build-up of strong brand in the fashion industry were qualitative in nature. Qualitative methods require the research study to describe the types and qualities of people or incidents without expressing them in the form of numerical figures.

Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Communication - Essay Example This paper discusses this with certain examples. Let’s suppose a workplace in which a male employee is talking to a female employee. The two are in some sort of an argument over a matter related to work. The male employee finally says, â€Å"You know what? I give up. No man can win an argument from a woman.† The female employee becomes offensive and says, â€Å"So you suggest I am right because I am a woman? Not because what I am saying is actually right?† She snaps at the male employee and walks out of the room. This explains how the use of sexist language can serve as a barrier to communication. Now let’s suppose a scenario in which two colleagues are dining together at the cafeteria. One of them is an Indian and the other is an American. The two are having gossip and a good time together. The American colleague orders a Pizza for himself and asks the Indian colleague what he would like to have. The Indian colleague replies, â€Å"I would like to have chicken curry.† Suddenly, the American colleague says, â€Å"Now I know why you Indians smell like curry.† The Indian colleague replies, â€Å"For the same reason that you Americans are so obese.† Seeds of dislike are planted in the hearts of both for each other. Now let’s suppose a situation in which two friends are attending a party. One of them is straight while the other is a gay. The former doesn’t know the homosexual orientation of the latter. The straight guy suggests the gay, â€Å"Hey look, why don’t you pair up with that blonde in the skirt! She’s pretty.† The gay guy manages to change the topic. The straight guy again suggests a suitable match. The gay guy finally says, â€Å"I’m into men†¦OK?† The straight guy says, â€Å"Is that why you’re with me? OMG! All this while, I’ve been with a fag!† The gay guy thinks he has heard enough, and snaps out. Concluding, sexist, racist, and homophobic

Shakespeares Presentation Of Kingship Essay Example for Free

Shakespeares Presentation Of Kingship Essay In Henry The IV Part 1 The Transformation Of Prince Hal Is Central To Shakespeares Presentation Of Kingship. Looking At Two Different Scenes In The Play, Explore The Ways In Which Shakespeare Analyses Issues Related To Kingship And How Each Would Appear To Its Elizabethan Audience William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in the town of Stratford upon Avon. He died in 1616 but is still today one of the most renowned playwrights of all time. He has written 37 different plays in many different styles, for example comedy, history, tragedy, roman and others. Further more he is responsible for revolutionising English drama and hence culture through both his poetry and drama. He wrote plays that would have appealed to the Elizabethan people this is why his plays are written in the rich language that was used at the time. His main audience would have been common people who could not read or write so for entertainment they used imagery. Elizabethan people would have either gone to the theatre, gone bearbaiting or cockfighting; this was their idea of entertainment. Henry the IV Part 1 is based on a true story set in 1399 and is centred around the idea of kingship. This is due to the fact that the Elizabethan public of the time were very interested in the lives of the nobles and the idea of kingship. Even though it is set in the past the play is clearly designed for the Elizabethan public as it represents the end of the old politics and the start of the new capitalism over feudalism. The key characters in the play are: King Henry Bolingbroke (Henry the IV) Prince Hal Bolingbroke (Son of the king heir to the throne) Harry Hotspur (Son of the earl of Northumberland) Sir John Falstaff (Prince Hals companion) The play is set in two worlds. The so-called honourable life of the court, and the dark world of the tavern. Each with their prospective rulers for; the court the ruler is King Henry, and for the tavern the ruler is Sir John Falstaff. In between these realms sitting in the middle is the Prince, Hal caught up between the desire to please his father and his own whims. He cannot go too far down the easy road of dishonour nor can he be too much like his father for then he will be the right kind of king. There are two scenes, which I feel show the transformation that overcomes Hal and in which Shakespeare depicts to his audience the beginning of the end for Falstaffs realm. These are. Act II scene 4 and then Act III scene 2 The first scene that I believe is appropriate to analyse that shows the beginning of the transformation within Prince Hal is Act II Scene 4. This would have been one of the most humorous of all the scenes to the audience of the time as it holds many punch lines and represents a mockery of the crown. The scene starts with an example of Falstaffs deceptive nature, when he claims that he and his group of robbers were attacked by an ever-growing group of thieves who drove them off and won the stolen chest. What Falstaff doesnt realise is that the group of thieves that drove Falstaffs group away were none other then Prince Hal and his friend Poins. When they reveal this fact to Falstaff and tell him that they know he is lying and that he fled like a coward, Falstaff thinks fast and makes up another excuse claiming that he knew that it was Hal and he ran so he didnt need to hurt the Prince. This part of the scene is filled with banter and so would have been very appealing to the audience. The most influential part of this scene is were Prince Hal and Falstaff act out what they feel the king will say in his interview with Hal in the morning. Firstly Falstaff plays the king and Hal himself. Falstaff as king demands Hal to exile all of his friends who lead him astray except Falstaff who he claims is most noble of carriage. When Hal hears this he deposes Falstaff and makes himself the king. This is a highly ironic moment as the way in which King Henry Hals father came to power is by deposition. This time Hal acts more serious though it is clear banter is involved when he says there is a devil haunts thee in the likeness of an old fat man. This is the first time through out the play in which Hal reasons with himself and opens up and says it is Falstaffs fault that he is the way he is. Hal finishes his criticism of Falstaff with the naming of the man so far in the kings favour Falstaff that old white bearded Satan. Then Falstaff pleads on his account to Hal claiming that he is valiant and sweet. He then begs Hal not to banish Falstaff from the company of Hal. Falstaff (as Prince Hal). Falstaff banish not him form thy Harrys company. Banish plump jack, and banish the world Hal replies with the famous line. Prince Hal (as the king) I do, I will This concludes the play interview. The reason I feel that this shows the beginning of the transformation that turns Hal from the mad cap Prince into the heir to the throne is because I feel that at the point where he plays king he realises that eventually he will become king and that he will have the responsibility to banish people from his presence if they do not give him the correct direction. The insult of calling Falstaff the white bearded Satan indicates that he is the lord of the under world and the king of deception and lies. The most important line in this scene is (Hal) I do, I will as it shows the impending rejection of Falstaff, because for Hal to become king he must reject sin and corruption. These are the things, that Falstaff stands for. One way in which Shakespeare gets his message across to the audience is by using iambic pentameter. This is when he writes in lines of 10 syllables 5 are stressed and 5 are unstressed. Shakespeare uses the iambic pentameter to show when nobles are speaking. For a working class character then he uses ordinary prose. The way we notice this is that Hal is the only noble that doesnt speak in iambic pentameter this represents that Hal is not yet immerged in his proper role at the court , he is more in touch with the dishonest world of the tavern. The next scene that I feel is influential is Act II scene 4. This is the scene wherein the actual confrontation between the king and his rebellious son where they tell each other how they feel. The scene starts with the king ordering all lords to leave the room so that he and Prince Hal can talk in private. The king starts by demanding of God weather he is being punished for his taking of the crown and killing of the rightful king and if Hal is his punishment. Hal then says that most of the wrong things he has been accused of are just mutterings from newsmongers. King Henry rebukes this and demands Hal to be loyal to him , in addition he compares him to Richard II the skipping king who ambled up and down with shallow jesters . Hal says that he will be more like himself but Henry is still incensed and then says And even as I was then Percy is now. Now by my sceptre, and my soul to boot, he hath more worthy interest to the state than thou the shadow of succession. Hal tells his father that he will kill Hotspur and so take all of his glories. King Henry then gives Hal some money to raise an army and lead it. The main thing that is clear throughout this scene is the disappointment of King Henry and the fear that Hotspur will depose him. During the interview Hal starts to talk in iambic pentameter and this could show his initiation into the noble world leaving behind his old common world. Throughout the interview it is plain that King Henry sees himself in Hotspur and fears it because he believes if Hal were King then a rebellion would be appropriate. In addition he sees Hal as a Richard figure as he acts like a fool, by mingling his royalty with capering fools. More over he also sees Hals companion Falstaff as a threat not only because he is a bad role model but also when Hal becomes king he might give Falstaff some authority and he might abuse it or even worse might usurp Hal. This scene would have been very interesting to the Elizabethan audience, as they would not have seen a king in such a way in which they are not happy. It is unlikely that they would have realised that the monarch that they see is not the same behind the closed doors of a room, it would have intrigued them to see a family incident. In conclusion I feel that the scenes that I analysed were influential in the final result of Hal as he ended up King Henry V, who was one of the most renowned king of all time. This play shows the two worlds, which make a great king, I feel that if Hal had not experienced the world of the tavern then he would not have turned out as he did. For to be a great king Hal could not follow any of the role models presented to him. He couldnt follow down the path of Falstaff, as it was dishonest. He could not either follow his father the king as he both usurped and caused a rebellion. And he could not follow in the footsteps of Hotspur, as he was to blood thirsty and brash. So the mix between the world of the tavern and the court was just appropriate for the young Prince. And indeed he brought a balanced perspective to his role.

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Herman Melville and Henry David Thoreau present their writing pieces as different forms of nonconformity. The essays both represent Ralph Emersons essay, Self-Reliance, but they do so in different ways. In Thoreaus essay, Solitude, the narrator has removed himself from society and into solitude in a cabin in the deep woods. The narrator displays nonconformity by not taking on the normal daily routines and an average person in society. The nonconformity exhibited in Bartleby, the Scrivener is Bartleby not conforming at the same level of his co-workers in the law office. The law office in Bartlebys eyes is stark place that only brings him displeasure. The transcendentalist essay by Ralph Emerson, Self-Reliance, is composed of many simple transcendentalist ideas. Solitude and Bartleby, the Scrivener both represent the simple ideas expressed in Self-Reliance, but the essays do so in different manners. All three essays have attributes of transcendentalism, but they display these ideas differently. Henry David Thoreaus Solitude is a transcendentalist essay which displays the narrator as a nonconformist toward society. While the rest of society resides as a group in towns or cities, performing similar actions, the narrator of Solitude resides and an individual in the deep woods. The common society is composed of families working together. Common duties such as working a job, maintaining a household, attending school, attending social events, and helping others in the community are duties people in a society would fulfill. The narrator does not participate in any of these daily duties. He believes being secluded and alone in nature is a full and rich life. He is a nonconformist in the sense that he does not act as the rest of society. Instead of running to the store for groceries to take care of the family, he sits in the midst of pure nature and self-reflects to gain satisfaction. Some of my pleasantest hours were during long rain storms in the spring or fall, which confined me to my house for the afternoon as well as the forenoon, soothed by their ceaseless roar and pelting; Along with the narrators nonconformance to society through love, passion and need for nature, he explains that he finds his own society in nature. The word ? society pertains a different meaning to the narrator. Society is not all of the living parts of a community according to Solitude. Yet I experienced sometimes that the most sweet and tender, the most innocent and encouraging society may be found in any natural object. The narrator found society in nature unlike other people. Being alone in nature is the spiritual nourishment for the narrator. Herman Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener exhibits a sad, lonely character, Bartleby, who is a nonconformist to society, and is confined inside brick walls of a law office on the depressing Wall Street in Manhattan. Bartleby seeks pleasure and enjoyment, but it seems impossible for him to achieve happiness being a nonconformist toward his co-workers and boss. He is miserable in the law office unlike all of the others. So much anger and aggression had built up inside of Bartleby that one day when the narrator asked Bartleby to copy some papers, Bartleby had no desire to carry out the task and simply replied Id prefer not to, to the narrators request. Bartleby displays nonconformity by not acting as the co-workers in his office do by following the instructions of the boss (narrator). He chooses to rebel against the system and to not take instructions. Bartleby does not want to continue as a scrivener any longer in the law office. He would rather be alone and secluded, away from all of society who cause his anxiety. Instead he tries to remain secluded in his office, doing thing such as working on Sunday. Yes, thought I, it is evident enough that Bartleby has been making his home here, keeping bachelors hall all by himself. Immediately then the thought came sweeping across me, what miserable friendlessness and loneliness are here revealed! His poverty is great; but is solitude, how horrible! Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is deserted as Petra (Ancient city whose ruins are in Jordan, on a slope of Mount Hor). Bartleby is yet another example of a nonconformist, secluding himself from everybody to be alone, and unfortunately, just as miserable as ever. Clear cut Transcendentalism is ? at its best in Self-Reliance. Individualism, self-reliance and nonconformity are highly valued in Emersons essay. Emerson underlines these ideas in his essay, Self-Reliance, which is referenced in both the essays, Solitude and Bartleby, the Scrivener. This transcendentalist idea put forth by Emerson is quite simple. Before he even begins his essay with his own words, Emerson quotes an epilogue. Emerson using this quote before his essay makes it clear that this quote would very well summarize his main belief toward the virtue of self-reliance- man is his own ? everything, and a man should only rely on himself. Man is his own star, and the soul that can Render me an honest and a perfect man, Command all light, and influence all faith, Nothing to him falls early or too late. Our acts our angels are, or good or ill, Our fatal shadows that walk by us still. Epilogue to Beaumont and Fletchers Honest Mans Fortunes These ideas of reliance in ones self, nonconformity, and individualism represent the basis of ideas in Solitude, but the form nonconformity in Solitude is different from the form presented in Self-Reliance. In Solitude, the narrator shows nonconformity by secluding himself from society. He lives in the deep woods while society resides in towns and cities, together. Nature is his calling, and he enjoys living as an individual. He gains satisfaction from his actions of nonconformity. This is a delicious evening, when the whole body is one sense, and imbibes delight through every pore. I go and come with strange liberty in Nature, a part of herself. Thoreau expresses that secluding himself from society is what brings him peace in himself. On the other hand, Melville responds differently to Emersons essay as well. In Bartleby, the Scrivener, Bartleby exhibits nonconformity by being different from his co-workers in his law office. He is anti-social and cold toward the others around him. He simply relies in himself to do his work and carry out daily tasks. Bartlebys rebel attitude makes him a nonconformist in his office. He displays his rebel attitude when he finally stands up to his boss when he is asked to do a task and replies- Id prefer not to. Bartleby decides he will no longer act as everyone else in the office does. He decided to take a stand in what he believed in. Emerson would choose to rely on himself and act as an individual whenever he would do something. Bartleby is not letting the narrator affect him in how he is going to handle this task, and by doing this, he is acting as Emerson would. Self-Reliance is a guide for nonconformists by which Solitude and Bartleby, the Scrivener follow. When essays are written with transcendental influences, they will all have nonconformity. Characteristics of transcendentalism are: ? Individualism, self-reliance and nonconformity are highly valued. ?The Transcendentalists fueled the abolitionist movement. They believed in the worth and dignity of every human being including slaves. ?Nature is a source of spiritual nourishment. ?Humankind is at its best in nature. People transcend or rise above their animalistic impulses by communing with nature. ?A belief in an oversoul that resides in all living things and connects us. ?Transcendentalism is a response to industrialization. The majority of these transcendentalist ideas are absent from the common thought of society. Consequently, less people gain such an enormous amount of satisfaction from nature. Transcendentalism is rare among people, but it is present in all three of these essays. There are many possible forms of nonconformity. These three essays each display a different form though they are quite similar. Transcendentalists have very radical ideas which to some people may be deemed as ridiculous. It may also seem crazy, but once again, transcendentalists are very radical, and are all nonconformists in some shape of form. Sources: 1. Norton Anthology Volume II.

A Synthesis of Sildenafil

A Synthesis of Sildenafil For many reasons, this route was assumed suboptimal as a commercial manufacturing for example; it is linear with nine steps, sulphonyl chloride, which is one of the toxic substances produced from this route is in the final bond-forming reaction. Final material required a lot of recrystallizations to reduce the toxic impurities to appropriately low levels in order to produce the high quality of drug required by pharmaceutical company. Due to competing hydrolysis through the increased quenched times on scale-up chlorosulphonation in chemical development; the difficulties of scaling-up reactions are well-known. In this route, 2-pentanone and diethyl oxalate are condensed to give the diketoester 1. Then, cyclizating the diketoester by hydrazine produces pyrazole 2 which methylated with selective to give pyrazole3. Hydrolysing the reaction generated the acid 4, then convert acid to the amide by nitration to give nitropyrazole 5, which is common intermediate in all synthetic routes. Reduction of 5 with tin (II) chloride dehydrate to give the amine 6 which is by 2-ethoxybenzoyl chloride was acylated to produce diamide 7. The later was cyclized using aqueous sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide to result in 8 pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one. Sildenafil was produced by selective chlorosulfonation and reaction with N-methylpiperazine.(6) Optimization of the cyclization reaction to make the pyrimidinone was the key finding during the development of the medicinal chemistry route, which impacted on the programme as a whole. Cyclization of compound 4 was done by sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, which are an aqueous alcoholic solution and lead to moderate yield (30-70%). The hydrolysis of the carboxamide to give the acid either in the presence or absence of the hydrogen peroxide was the main side product from the medicinal reaction. To avoid the hydrolysis side product, cyclization was conducted under anhydrous conditions, KOtBu/ButOH and the reaction continued in 100% product without detected impurities. By considering reordering the steps, the clean cyclization was the final bond-forming reaction. (1) Modification of the medicinal route: A lot of modifications were applied into medicinal chemistry route, which was used at the beginning of the project to prepare fifty kilograms and support supply for the four years. (6) For early scale-up, the tin (II) chloride reduction was removed. Tin is major environmental polluter and a heavy metal. It was replaced with a catalytic hydrogenation. At the early age of the sildenafil production, a tin chloride reduction was employed because the hydrogenation reduction was not in operation. The reason for inefficient of the hydrogenation was a presence of trace levels of sulfur impurities which poison the hydrogenation reaction. Switching to stoichiometric thionyl chloride is one example that controlled sulfur impurities and allows the reliability of the catalytic hydrogenation reaction. Using a hydrogenation, there are options for solvent and catalyst recovery and water is the only by-product. (5) Hydrogen peroxide was used in cyclization method to convert 7 to 8, but it causes skin burns. Furthermore, in contact with organic materials, it is a fire and transportation hazardous. Then, it was replaced with KOtBu/ButOH. Rather than using oxalyl chloride, thionyl chloride is used to prepare 2-ethoxybenzoyl chloride which eliminates exposure to carbon monoxide emissions by workers. (5) Through formation of pyrazole 3 which is an exothermic reaction, a solvent was introduced. Moreover, for 5 preparations, toluene was introduced as a solvent which reduces the level of thionyl chloride from 1.6 to 1.8 equivalents. (6) Sildenafil Citrate Sildenafil Commercial Route: Selection: The target from Sildenafil citrate was for treatment of angina when entered development. But the clinical results were failed. Pfizer made a trial with 12 patients tolerate from male erectile dysfunction in 1994. The results showed improvements in the problems of 10 patients. As a consequence, sildenafil citrate development became one of the highest priorities in the Pfizer portfolio (6). There are many advantages of commercial route over the optimized medicinal one, for example; The synthesis was redesigned to make convergence. The final bond forming step is the clean cyclisation reaction and at the start of the synthesis, the potentially toxic materials occur. Large volumes of aqueous acidic waste require an increased level of hydrolysis and neutralization through a larger scale is an example of environmental and scale-up issues associated with chlorosulphonation reaction. In order to reduce these issues, they are placed at the start of the synthesis. Hence, low molecular weight and cheaper materials are used. (5). DEVELOPMENT: Sulfonamide preparation: Through pyrazole 5, many routes of synthesis proceeded. Using chlorosulfonic acid, 2-ethoxybenzoic acid is Chlorosulfonated by using 1 mol of thionyl chloride to convert the intermediate sulfonic acid to the sulfonyl chloride. Due to low melting point of 2-ethoxybenzoic acid (19-20 C) mp, low molecular volumes of chlorosulfonic acid and thionyl chloride are used and hence no solubilisation. Initially, the sulfonamide 9 was isolated as unusual double salt 10 which is insoluble and difficult to use. Moreover, in order to obtain the double salt to crystallize, the sulphonyl chloride should be dry which lead to a lot of acidic, corrosive fumes in a pilot plant scale. Then, it was discovered that 9 can be isolated as its highly crystalline zwitterions by treatment the double salt with water to dissociate and produce a new form of free crystalline amino acids 8. For efficiency, the sulfonyl chloride was converted to sulfonamide 9 by resuspended in water and reaction with N-methylpiperazine. At the end of the reaction, by the addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide, the pH was adjusted to the isoelectric point and the precipitated compound 8 collected by filtration. As a result, during sulfonamide preparation, no organic solvents are used. Hydrogenation and coupling reaction: In medicinal chemistry, the tin (II) chloride reduction was replaced by a palladium catalyzed hydrogenation reaction to convert pyrazole 1 into the amide2. Toluene was introduced as a heat solvent which increased the safety of the process and reduced the levels of thionyl chloride to 1.2-1.6 equivalents. To convert the nytropyrazole (2) to the amine (3) heterogeneous hydrogenation in ethyl acetate was used. A number of reagents, including thionyl chloride, oxalyl chloride and N,N-cabonyldiimidazole (CDI) are used to examine the activation of the carboxylic acid. CDI costs around 8$/mol and provide such advantages for instances; high quality product, robust and clean chemistry. Furthermore, it provided a combination of the three reactions (hydrogenation, acid activation and acylation) into a single step, employed the ethyl acetate solvent with a simple recovery process and used low energy. In addition, VOC emissions were avoided such as (EtCl) that generated from the interaction of ethyl chloride with thionyl chloride or oxalyl chloride. Moreover, 90% chemical yield over three chemical reactions is produced and optimized to 96%. Cyclisation Reaction: The resulting product is heated for several hours and cyclised with 1.2 equivalents of potassium t-BuOH and t-BuOK. In order to minimize the environmental wastes, this process is run at high concentration (2.5-3.75L Kg-1). Water is added to dilute the reaction and the pH was adjusted with 4M HCl to the isoelectric point (7.5). Clinical very high quality yield of 95% sildenafil was obtained by filtration. Using 2-butanone citric acid, sildenafil was converted to sildenafil citrate to give a yield of 99 to 100%. Sildenafil History of Sildenafil: Initially Viagra was developed to treat angina (heart disease). In Morriston hospital, the drug was tried on men in 1991-1992. The clinical observation showed that the drug enhance penile erection more than treating angina. Pharmaceutical company, Pfizer commercialized the drug as a treatment for erectile dysfunction. In 1996, the drug was patented and approved on 27 March 1998 by FDA. It was the first approved drug for penile erection in the United States and the sales exceed 1$ billion in 1999-2001. The Pfizers patents on this drug will expire in 2011-2013. Dosage of Viagra: Viagra could be taken once per day as a dose between 25mg to 100mg between 30 min to 4 hours before sexual intercourse. Three dosages are available in market for this drug (25-50-100) mg with a cost of 10$ per pill for all dosages. http://www.chemistrydaily.com/chemistry/Sildenafil Mode of action: Pharmacodynamics: Effects on Penile Erection: Sildenafil citrate is a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) and was used for the treatment of the male erectile dysfunction (known as impotence). It is a wide spread condition that effects around 30 million patients in United States. Nitric oxide is released during sexual stimulation and permeates through corpus cavernosum membranes. Then, the enzyme guanylate cyclase is stimulated to enhance levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the corpus cavernosum. cGMP has an effects on smooth muscle relaxation and increases blood flow lead to an erection of the penis. Level of PDE5 is high in the corpus cavernosum which hydrolyzes cGMP and leads to inactive GMP. Levels of cGMP in men with impotence are low and as a consequence PDE5 quickly hydrolyses these levels of cGMP. Now, the sildenafil acts by inhibiting the actions of PDE5 and increases the levels of cGMP which cause the erection. (6) figure involved Erection Nitric Oxide Guanylate Cyclase Sildenafil binds to PDE5 and blocks action GMP cGMP Effects on Visual Function: In patients taking sildenafil, it has been reported such visual abnormalities for example; increased blurred vision and perception of light. These effects usually happened with dose more that 100mg which is correlated to the weaker inhibition effects of sildenafil on PDE6 that regulates signal transduction pathways in the retinal receptors. (2) Cardiovascular Effects: Sidenafil has effects on blood pressures by producing transient reduction in systolic and diastolic at 1 hour after the dose. The clinical tests showed no observed effects on heart rate. Sildenafil effects are not age or dose dependent. (2) Clinical trials: The sildenafil was tested in vitro to study the inhibition of PDE5 in human blood platelets. The results showed the potency of sildenafil and it is a selective inhibitor of both c GMP PDEs. Also, a number of trials were carried on rabbit corpus cavernosum to examine the effect on the muscle. From the results, appear that sildenafil was potent in relaxing the corpus cavernosum. Furthermore, to evaluate smooth muscle relaxation, set of experiments were carried in rabbit isolated aortic rings. Sildenafil showed similar values in both denuded and endothelial intact aortic rings. (28) Side Effects from Clinical studies: Patients receiving Viagra showed similar adverse effects in all trials. Some studies showed more effects with increased dose. There were some adverse events reported when Viagra is taken in flexible dose for example; headache, rash, dizziness, diarrhea, urinary tract infection, flushing, dyspepsia and nasal congestion. http://www.rxlist.com/viagra-drug.htm Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism: The cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolizes sildenafil which changes to an active N-desmethyl metabolite that has the 50% activity of the drug for inhibiting PDE5. This metabolite has 40% plasma concentrations of sildenafil, therefore it possess 20% of the pharmacological effects of sildenafil. Terminal half-lives of sildenafil and its metabolite are 4 hours each. Sildenafil distributed into the tissues with a volume of 105 L and excreted in the feces as metabolites. In patients aged >65 years, plasma levels increased as well in patients suffered from hepatic impairment and renal impairment. (2) Viagra Plant: Pfizer Synthesis Facility, Ringaskiddy, Ireland Sildenafil citrate which is the active pharmaceutical ingredients for Viagra was manufactured by Pfizer at Ringaskiddy and the total output from Viagra sales was account for 15%. The facility covers 200 acres and composed of four production units with 500 people working there. OSP4 is the main plant at Ringaskiddy that increase production by 40% and started in 2001. Construction of the new synthetic plant (OSP4), a finished good building (FGB) and all other services were under responsibility of Project Management and Foster Wheeler. Plant started manufacturing in March 2001. Designing facility enable the OSP4 plant to produce primary bulk, batch pharmaceutical products at a reactor of 150,000 liters and six lines are at full scale. To increase service of OSP4, Pfizer was planning to build a third liquid waste incinerator. At the plant, the manufactured products are either bulk active or drug substances. For the bulk materials, they are sent in order to complete formulation and package for shipping. Production and plant facility: http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/pfizer/viagra/viagch4pg2.html For all drugs, initially they are produced in small a mounts for the investigation and in vitro analysis. Then, quantities are increased if the carried tests are successful to meet the needs for clinical trials and patients. For the first time, production of one kg of Viagra requires a series of eleven reactions with 23 kg of reagents and 139 liters of organic wastes. All preparations are carried in a microwave designed especially for organic chemistry. For scaling up the process, it has to be more efficient and result in fewer wastes. Currently, in Viagra production only 1.5 kg of reagents are used and release just 10 liters of wastes. The company aim to minimize the waste to 6 L per kilogram produced. Now, every year the demand is 45 tones for good quality Viagra in compared to 1998 where the l kg production was enough for people demands in 10 minutes. To scale up reaction, all starting materials were available commercially and used without purification. Using a microwave oven ETHOS 1600, synthesis was performed. In standard Pyrex glassware, all reactions were carried out with a reflux condenser. The reactions were performed by a program which made up of temperature monitoring and holding steps. Purity of the final product was measured using thin-layer chromatography and molecular weight was recorded by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. sealed vessels are used which controlled and monitored by computers to make the requir ed quantities of pure drug. Pipes are used to add the reagents into the vessel and the products are harvesting later on. Control panels are applied that allow the operator to make any required adjustments and monitoring the process. A microwave-transparent fluoroptic probe that inserted into the solutions was used to monitor the temperature of the stirred reactions mixture. To produce any pharmaceuticals, highest standards of hygiene are necessary and Laboratory should be clean and tidy. Misuse of Viagra in Asia: http://www.ergogenics.org/138.html (faked drug) According to World Health Organization (WHO), one of the most counterfeited drugs in Asia is Viagra which make a big business. Tourists in Thailand use fake Viagra which is bought over numerous pharmacies. Therefore serious health risks affected those tourists. Counterfeited medicines can impose the correct ingredients but fake package, or without active ingredients, wrong ingredients or with insufficient active ingredients. Fake Viagra made up of ingredients that enhance the bodys insulin production which can cause a danger drop in the concentrations of blood glucose. As a result lead to starving the energy of brain which in known as insulin shock syndrome. There is a widespread smuggling of fake and genuine Viagra in Thailand according to A Thai Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Unsurprisingly, Thailand is a centre for fake Viagra. Among young night-clubbers, Viagra is mixing with other party drug to increase the sexual desire. Viagra competitors: There were alternative medications prescribed for erectile dysfunction prior to the introduction of Viagra. Most of them are non-oral treatments. For example; the primary alternatives in the United States were vacuum constriction devices, penile injection therapy, penile prostheses, professional counseling and transurethral. Traditional remedies were used in other countries such as yohimbine. (4) Viagra Sales around the world: Firstly, after FDA granted approval of Viagra, it was sold in the United States. Nowadays more than fifty countries are selling Viagra in their pharmacies. On the U.S. market, one month after launch, the worth of sales was 400$ million which result from 300,000 Viagra prescriptions. Since then, 7$ per tablet was maintained by Pfizer. The average wholesale price is 8.75$ per pill in compare with other treatments such as; Caverject and Muse which priced at 20-30$ per pill. Furthermore, sales in most European countries began shortly in September 1998 after European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) granted European countries the registration for Viagra uses. In the United Kingdom, Sweden and republic of Ireland, the government Health System covers the purchases of Viagra for limited uses. Public awareness have been increased and focused on the safety issues in men taking Viagra and lead to limit the use of Viagra after reports over deaths and adverse effects that were sent to the FDA. U.S. and most other countries experienced prescription leveling off after information gained by people used the drug. Most of them were not actually suffer from erectile dysfunction. After drugs approval in the United States, Latin America launched the drug. Then, Viagra was available in a number of Asian countries, New Zealand, Australia and Canada. In 1999, Japan approved drugs uses after it accepted from other countries the clinical trials data for the first time. (4) Environmental Performance: In the medicinal route, there are a number of organic solvents included in the production of 1000 kg of drug substance and the volume of these solvents equal to 125,000 liters. These solvents are reduced to 13,500 liters in the commercial route. The solvents required in both routes are illustrated in figure 1. Organic wastes from medicinal route Organic wastes from commercial route For environmental assessment, the reduction of some solvents for example; chlorinated solvents and highly volatile solvents such as; methyl chloride, methanol, acetone and diethyl ether. Elimination of these solvents results in elimination of atmospheric emissions. T-butanol that has been used in the commercial route is completely water soluble and is difficult for reuse. In order to improve environmental performance, t-buanol is replaced by another solvent to facilitate recovery. The optimized process was developed in Ringaskiddy and will be used in the production plant which will give 4 l kg-1 of the final optimized solvent usage. (5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom_economy Atom economy is the efficiency of conversion all reactants in a chemical process in a way of all atoms involved and no atoms are wasted. All starting materials equal to generated process, this represent an important concept in green chemistry. Reaction mass efficiency is a measure for the effect of yield and an increase of used reagents. Between 1994 and 1997 where the new commercial route was introduced, there was an improvement in the reaction mass efficiency and chemical yields. In contrast, the atom economy remained constants over time. Comparisons of these parameters between 1994 and 1997 is shown in figure Fig. Atom economy, chemical yield and RME at 1994, 1997 and the future target in the sildenafil citrate process. The aqueous and organic wastes are actually measured and from modeling process the atmospheric emissions are estimated. There was a large reduction in the aqueous waste when the commercial route was introduced into the production. Moreover, upon introduction of the commercial route, again there was a noticeable reduction in the organic wastes between 1994 and 1997. Due to the impact of introducing solvent recovery operations and reuse in the manufacturing process, a further large reduction occurred after 1997. These decreasing reflect the importance of eliminating wastes and controlling route selection. For the vapor emissions, there have been smaller diminish in the released amount. In addition, it was found there was 35% decrease in the estimated energy used between 1994 and 1997. There are two reasons behind smaller reduction in the vapor emissions and the used energy; firstly, in order to maximize the yield, there is a significant level of solvents stripping performed in the comm ercial process. Secondary, the chemistry team actively managed and followed such parameters for instance; organic, aqueous wastes and yield. On the other hand, they calculated retrospectively the emissions and energy. (5) Figure shows the comparisons between these wastes at various times. The E-factor is the total kilos of wastes per kilogram of product. In commercial route of Viagra production, the E-factor is 6 kg kg-1 which is less than the industry standard of (25-100) (6) Low volumes of the complicated chemical products and the E-factor of the commercial route for Viagra production generate fewer wastes per year. For all of the environmental awareness taken by Pfizer for the sildenafil citrate process, UK Award was granted to this company in 2003. (2) Patents: According to the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, patent for Viagra by Pfizer will expire on March 27, 2012. Then, a cheap generic version of the blockbuster erectile dysfunction drug will be sold by any drug company. This will allow more competition between Pfizers Viagra and the new generic versions and more options with cheaper prices for patients. Pfizer has three options to stay in the Viagras market. Firstly, it can market itself as the main company for selling Viagra, taking into account there are over 25 million men used its version and they donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t like to change. Secondary, it can apply for Viagra with FDA for OTC (over-the-counter). Finally, while producing an upgraded version of Viagra which will continue holding value of the patented product, it can license the original recipe to Viagra to other companies. http://www.accessrx.com/research/viagra-patent-expires.htm Alternative Routes to Sildenafil: There are more than 15 different routes have been reported in the chemical and patent literature to sildenafil. Pfizer examined two main alternatives during the development process either by synthesis sildenafil through the aldehyde 11 to produce dihydrosildenafil 12 then oxidize the product or by the halo derivatives for example 13 or 14. 52 % of sildenafil yielded from condensation between aldehyde and aminopyrazole to give dihydrosildenafil by adding an azeotropic distillation to remove the water by product. The yield can be increased to 95% as shown by some workers. (PATENT 22918) Aldehyde Amine Dihydrosildenafil Sildenafil Oxidation of dihydrosildenafil either by using sodium hydrogen sulphite (NaHSO3) or using small quantity of trifluoroacetic acid and Pd/C at high temperature generated a good yield of drug (patent WO 01-98303). Dihydrosildenafil Sildenafil Combination between a nucleophilic displacement reaction that uses ethanol as a solvent and a hindered alkoxide (KOBU) or ethoxide (EtOH) as a base and the cyclization reaction which uses a compound like halo derivatives is another potential synthesis for sildenafil. The combination reaction works for both cyclisation compounds, but by using a compound where (x= F) the yield from combination is 100%. The use of the chloro-series compound (x=cl) in the cyclisation reaction is better because of 2-chlorobenzoic acid is cheaper than 2-ethoxybenzoic acid. (Patent number EP 0994 115) Figure (13, 14, synthesis) Halo Derivatives X= Cl X= Fe, yield= 100% In the end, all of these alternative routes were put on hold due to the high efficiency of the commercial route and the time pressures of the development program. (6) (3) In the WO Patent (98284), amidine 10 or iminoether 11 can be used in order to build pyrimidine ring (sildenafil). By a Pinner reaction, the iminoether is made from the nitrile. Amidine is made by reaction of the nitrile with chloromethylaluminium amide which is synthesized from trimethyl aluminium (Me3Al) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) Nitrile Amidine Iminoether Sildenafil Intermediate 14 was prepared from reaction of the acid intermediate 13 with thionyl chloride (SOCl2) to give the lactone which then can be reacted with ammonia (NH3) and (EtOH) to produce the pyrazolopyrimidinone which is away to make sildenafil. Acid intermediate Lactone Sildenafil (Patent EP 1 002 798) sildenafil synthesis from intermediate (6), can be done by chlorosulphonate the intermediate 16 and before cyclisation the intermediate convert to the sulphonamide6. Sildenafil There are many patents activities in producing nonconvergent synthesis of sildinafil. Workers at the Torcan Company reduced Carbamate by (LiALH4) to sildenafil in ayield of 61%. ( Patent 2 235 642). Carbamate Sildenafil Also, sildenafil was synthesized from pyrazolopyrimidinone and the sulphamoyl chlorid (which is prepared by SO2Cl2 and N-methylpiperazine reaction) using Friedel-Craft reaction which requires ALCl3 by workers at the India Orchid company. (Patent EP 1 077 214) Pyrazolopyrimidine and sulphamoyl chloride Sildenafil Furthermore, workers in Cipla Company have synthesized sildenafil by double methylation of this intermediate by using formic acid and formaldehyde (CH2O) and (HCO2H) as the final step. (Patent WO Patent 01/ 19827) Sildenafil

Compare Contrast Two Persuasive Arguments Essay -- Comparison Between

Compare Contrast Two Persuasive Arguments Should legendary coach Bobby Knight been fired from the University of Indiana? Does the punishment fit the crime? The two articles â€Å"The Knight Who Thought He Was King,† and â€Å"Knight Fall† try to answer these two controversial questions. Each of these articles present the debated issue in their own distinct ways. â€Å"Knight Fall† is written in a way that the reader really doesn’t know what side the author is choosing, that is until the last few sentences. On the other hand, the other article is very distinct, and the reader knows for a fact, just from reading the first few sentences, that the author is not what you call a â€Å"Bobby Knight fan.† Both of these articles use the three rhetoric appeals to help persuade their audience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"He also thought -indeed, no thought to the contrary seems ever to have made its way into his head- that he was larger than the university itself†¦he signed the papers placed before him and then blithely violated the very agreement he supposedly had accepted, obviously on the assumption that the policy simply did not apply to a god such as him.† (Yardley.) Well if this isn’t straightforward enough for one to understand, then the reader has problems. This is how Yardley uses intrinsic ethos. He is an author for the Washington Post, in the style section, and writing about sports. One who is reading this article is not expecting a remarkable well-informed sports article. Throughout the article he uses a sophisticated vocabulary and strong, powerful words to grasp the attention of his audience. This article doesn’t exactly give the reader much leeway in choosing a side; there is not one good thing about Bobby Knight in this article.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout this editorial, the author really tries to get to your emotions. He uses pathos to try to persuade the reader into not liking Bobby Knight. â€Å"He screamed at referees, berated and belittled members of his own team, heaved chairs.†(Yardley) He is trying to make you dislike Knight, for the things that he has done in the past. He is making Knight to be this immoral individual, who tries to hurt and inflict pain on others. He also states how Knight violated policies, only because they didn’t apply to him. All of this is mentioned just to get the reader to think â€Å"yea, I’m glad he was fired, he was a confused menace to society, who should have been fi... ...be a coach today. â€Å"Knight Fall† also uses cause and consequence. It brings up the point that if Harvey (the student) didn’t come forward and complain about Knight’s abuse, then Knight probably would still be coaching. But that incident was only the tip of the iceberg. Knight had done so many things before that, and in the article, each incident is brought up, and questioned; whether if Knight had not done that, if he still would be coaching. Of course all of this means nothing; it’s all too late. It’s just the two different perspectives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well these two articles aren’t too hard to compare. One uses such vulgarity, that it makes such an impact on the reader, that the reader has no choice but to believe what the author is telling you. The other, a very informative and thorough article, lets the reader read, and learn, before â€Å"choosing a side.† Reading this will help you understand the situation, from both points of view, and then only to see the authors point of view in the last paragraph of the entire article. In the other article, Yardley doesn’t waste any time in stating his opinion, opening his article with disgust for Knight. These are two perfect articles to compare.