How to say Im sorry in Japanese - Im Sorry in Japanese

Meaning: Sorry.   Pronunciation: Listen to the audio file for Gomennasai. Japanese Characters: 㠁”ã‚ Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š Notes: Since Gomennasi 㠁”ã‚ Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£ â€¢Ã£ â€ž is casual, it shouldnt be used to your superior. Click here to learn more about expressing apologies.

Black American Culture Essay - 1765 Words

Black American Culture Marilyn Blunt Cultural Anthropology Mrs. Tristan Marble September 10, 2008 Inmy research paper I will be defining African American Culture and I also will be discussing things such as slavery, family relations, hairstyles, art forms, food, heath issues, symbolism, traditional beliefs and also why this topic is relevant to today culture and how this information can benefit Black American in today society. African American Culture in the United States refer to the cultural contributions of African ethnic groups to the culture of the United States, either as part of or distinct from American Culture. African†¦show more content†¦Hair braids are sported by many who wish to make then look hip and look cool. Tight ponytails are and African American hairstyle which make a mark because of the tight curls. These curls are style different in order to create various hairstyles. Curly hair is often styles in ponytails. Crimped hair is very common and are tied up into ponytails or even left loose. All the braids are pulled towards the back of the head and w rapped in a satin scarf. Dreadlocks: have significant stories linked to them and have different meaning for many people. Dreadlocks are coils of hair that are interlocked and then form on there own. Dreadlocks rose in popularity with reggae music reaching new height. The Jheri Curl because very popular among the African American people. Jheri was given because the creator of this hairstyle was named Jheri Redding. This look was sporting a glossy look with loads of curls. There is certain chemical use with this hairstyle. There was certain African clothing wore such as dashiki. The African American aesthetic encourages personal pride and political awareness. Some of the song was lift every voice and sing in addition to The Star Spangled Banner. This song was written by James Weldon Johnson and John Rosamond Johnson in 1900, to be performed for the birthday of Abraham Lincoln, the song was, and continues to be popular way for African Americans to recall past struggles and express ethnic solidarity, faith, and hope for theShow MoreRelatedBlack Sitcoms : African American Culture1465 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American culture. Today, we as African Americans glorify this instead of acknowledging that for entertainment we don’t have to belittle ourselves. During the minstrel era, white actors would depict the way they seen African American culture by dressing up in certain clothing and painting their faces. â€Å"White men in the nineteenth century blacked up (usually with burnt cork) and took to the stage where they mocked African Americans, codifying black life while seeding American culture with stereotypesRead MoreThe Effects Of Black Culture On American Literature1205 Words   |  5 PagesMorrison’s article Playing in the Dark, she is discussing how racism effects American literature. To Morrison, black culture is a tiny speck in American literature and she wants to expand it. Before Morrison could even think about doing this, she had to change her perspective and imagine what it is like to be in someone else’s shoes. Morrison states that, â€Å"My work requires me to think about how â€Å"free† I can be as an African-American woman writer in my genderized, sexualized, wholly racialized world.† (pgRead MoreBlack Women Of African American Culture1731 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican American culture has grown tremendously and has become more popular among all of the races. Not only has it become popular but it has also stirred up a lot of controversy. One aspect of African American culture that has become popular and is very controversial is Black women wearing their hair natural. Black women are really starting to embrace their natural hair and love the skin they are in but there are also a lot of people in society tearing them down. A lot of Black women and men haveRead MoreThe Portrayal Of Black Culture On American Television Essay1980 Words   |  8 Pagesselect attention to signs and images pr oduced and presented by television media, this essay will analyze the portrayal of Black culture on American television and how it has been constructed based on the system of representation controlled and influenced by White ideologies of the â€Å"Other†. The 1980’s sitcom â€Å"The Cosby Show† will be referenced in representing the evolution of Black representation and the effect it had on audience’s interpretation of race and class structure. Representation and WhatRead MoreThe Formation of Black English and Its Influences on American Culture4020 Words   |  17 Pages1. Introduction African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is one special dialect of American English, and it is different from Standard American English. African American Vernacular English can also be called as Black English, Black Vernacular English or African American Language (AAL).Black English had been discriminated for a long time in history. There was a saying that â€Å"Black English is not a language†. The saying is not correct. According to Montgomery, culture should not be biased, but shouldRead MoreBlack Women‚Äà ´s Identity in American Media and Culture1601 Words   |  7 PagesBlack Women’s Identity in Media and Our Culture When talking about black women’s image in media, what do you think about? Yes there may be many images but are they very many good images of black women. Are these bad images true images? These are all thing that run through my mind when I think of black women images. Sometimes I have to say that yes those bad images are true. I want to explore the different images of black women in Media. Do black women alter their images to look more EuropeanRead More Zora Neale Hurston - Celebrating the Culture of Black Americans2152 Words   |  9 PagesZora Neale Hurston - Celebrating the Culture of Black Americans In her life and in her writings, Zora Neale Hurston, with the South and its traditions as her backdrop, celebrated the culture of black Americans, Negro love and pride with a feminine perspective that was uncommon and untapped in her time. While Hurston can be considered one of the greats of African-American literature, it’s only recently that interest in her has been revived after decades of neglect (Peacock 335). Sadly, Hurston’sRead MoreWhite And Black People s Influence On American Culture And Society2445 Words   |  10 PagesThroughout the 1920s and 1930s, a number of demographic, political, and economic changes greatly impacted American culture and society. (Patterson Carney, 2003.) White and black people in America were still segregated and African Americans were treated as inferior (â€Å"BBC - Higher Bitesize History - Race relations between the wars,† n.d.), though they began to fight against discrimination in this period. (â€Å"Jazz Exacerbates Rac ial Tension,† n.d.) Music both reflected and played a role in the changingRead MoreMy Race Is Black, My Ethnicity, African American And My Culture925 Words   |  4 PagesMy race is Black, my ethnicity is African American and my culture (349) could be described as complicated. In applying these factors to my personal experiences I will refer to Matthew and Emirbayer’s â€Å"What is Racial Domination?† to explain the racial biases and discriminations that I have experienced from Arkansas to Los Angeles and ultimately Irvine. From the day of my birth my life and the opportunities presented or denied have been defined by racial domination and the Institutional racism of WhiteRead MoreThe African American Culture And Consciousness From The Short Lived Black Power Movement Essay1867 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican American culture and consciousness from the short lived Black Power movement. The book was written by William L. Van Deburg. Van Deburg received his B.A. in history from Western Michigan University then continued on to attain his PH.D. in American History from Michigan State University. Some of his works include, The Slave Drivers: Black Agricultural Labor Supervisors in the Antebellum South, Slavery and Race in American Popular Culture, Black Camelot: African-American Culture Heroes in

Comparative Study Of Styles And Patterns Of Code Switching Free Essays

Code-switching is known as the switch from one codification ( linguistic communication ) to another within the same context. It is besides known as a state of affairs where a individual is able to jump between two or more linguistic communications in his or her discourse. In her book, Myers-Scotton ( 1993 ) said that code-switching is a conventional method of communicating in any bilingual or multilingual society. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Study Of Styles And Patterns Of Code Switching or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hence, in a multilingual state like Malaysia, it is customary for us to see a merger of one or more linguistic communications, idioms and manners in spoken and besides written signifiers. The promotion of the epoch of multimedia and engineering agencies that code-switching is no longer restricted to talk signifier but it can be observed in written signifier excessively. With a more developed communicating system, code-switching can be observed in changing interaction such as chat rooms, forums, web logs and web sites like Myspace, Friendster and Facebook. ( Montes-Alcala , 2007 ) . Therefore, different forms and manners of code-switching are emerging and people code-switch more frequently in written signifier of linguistic communications and this includes one of the ill-famed medium, web log. Blood ( 2000 ) and Werbach ( 2001 ) stated that John Barger was the first individual who came about with the term â€Å" weblog † in his web site on 17th December 1997 where the term was used to mention to a web site where an single updates on a regular basis ( Branum, 2001 ) . With the tendency of having a web log traveling ballyhoo over the state in recent old ages, we can somehow notice in each web log, code-switching in different spheres takes topographic point. These switches in term of forms and manners differ from people of each age group. Problem Statement Sometimes, it crosses our head to utilize merely English as our manner of communicating but under certain fortunes, we tend to code-switch accidentally. This state of affairs happens particularly in a multilingual society. There are times when we realize that merely the usage of certain codification in a peculiar sphere can do linguistic communication meaningful. Over the old ages, in our state, we frequently face the quandary of taking the ‘appropriate ‘ codification to do a linguistic communication meaningful in different spheres. The codification or linguistic communication choice is dependent on the communicator ‘s age group every bit good. Sometimes, it confuses us whether or non a individual of a peculiar age group web logs utilizing same or different manners and forms of code-switching in web logs every bit good as the critical parts that domains play in finding which codification to take to exchange to. Significance of Study Montes-Alcala ( 2007 ) noted in the yesteryear, there have been a batch of researches done on code-switching in spoken signifier but merely a minority of research workers focus their findings in written signifier. Hence, she conducted a survey on code-switching in the web logs of English-Spanish bilinguals to happen out the frequence of code-switching within their web log entries. Similarly, in our state, a figure of surveies on code-switching have been done on spoken discourses but so far, merely a minority of researches has been carried out to analyze code-switching in web logs in Malaysia. Therefore, this survey is important because it provides a new comprehensiveness for code-switching in written discourse by integrating the usage of CS in web logs. The ground is because different manners of communicating on the cyberspace such as confabs, web logs and chirrups are quickly catching traditional signifiers of communicating for both professional and leisure activities ( Norizah A ; Azirah, 2009 ) . Therefore, surveies on CS in written signifier should be taken into history. Aims This survey aims to look into the ground why a individual code-switch from one chosen standardized linguistic communication, English, to another in his or her web log, taking into history bloggers of different age groups. At the same clip, it besides serves to find in which spheres do these bloggers tends to code-switch the most every bit good as their manners and forms of code-switch. Simultaneously, it besides focuses on the factors that initiate and act upon code-switching in their web logs every bit good as the grounds why they chose a specific linguistic communication to code-switch to from English, for illustration, from English to Mandarin or from English to Malay. Scopes of Study This survey focuses on code-switching which involves more than two linguistic communications in the most sought-after on-line diary, web log. It focuses on bloggers from two age groups and how the bloggers from this age group web log, taking into consideration the frequence of code-switching within selected entries. Furthermore, different forms and manners they use in different spheres while blogging are highlighted. Restriction of Study The country of survey for this research is restricted to those bloggers who use merely English as their chief medium of blogging over a declared period of clip. Merely five bloggers of two different age groups will be selected to take part in this research. Group 1 – 20 to 30 old ages old Group 2 – 50 to 60 old ages old In add-on, merely bloggers from an English instruction background will take part in this research. However, the Numberss of bloggers selected to take part in this research do non stand for the whole. Theoretical Model This survey is guided by the old work from assorted research workers such as Montes-Alcala ( 2005 A ; 2007 ) and Norizah and Azirah ( 2009 ) in their surveies of the code-switching in written discourses. Research Questions What are the spheres and grounds that influence the bloggers of different age groups to code-switch? What are the differences in the forms and manners of code-switching between bloggers of these two different age groups? Literature Review Blom and Gumperz are considered the innovator research workers in code-switching as they did an early survey in the twelvemonth 1972 on the linguistic communication used in a Norse fishing small town through observation and analysis of tape recordings of the society. Through that, they discovered the society used and code-switched in several different linguistic communications when they were pass oning to each other. As the affair of fact, it was dependent on who the talker was turn toing to every bit good as the sphere both addresser and addressee was in. On the other manus, Valdes-Fallis ( 1976 ) , Poplack ( 1981 ) , McClure ( 1981 ) and Gumperz ( 1982 ) in the article, â€Å" Blogging in two linguistic communications: Code-Switching in Bilingual Blogs, † introduced the categorizations of code-switching maps – direct citations, accent, elucidation or amplification, contextual switches, lexical demand switches, triggered switches and others in support of the grounds why people code-switch. Montes-Alcala ‘s ( 2000 ) research merely to happen out that that most of those maps typically manifested in the literature of unwritten code-switching were besides present in the written signifier. Hence, it explains why she did a survey on code-switching jumping between English and Spanish in web logs. Research Design Qualitative method is chosen as the design as it is able to supply factual informations needed to back up the theory that linguistic communication does transform. On the other manus, with qualitative method, a comparative survey on the manners and forms of code-switching in two different age groups in selected spheres can be reasoned with the presence of sufficient informations. Data will be obtained through analysis of web logs to find the spheres of code-switching in selected entries. In add-on to that, a set of questionnaire will be distributed to the selected bloggers to get information of their backgrounds and experiences in blogging. The ground is to acquire to cognize the grounds why they want to code-switch and besides if there is any cause that influences them to code-switch from English to another linguistic communication, be it Mandarin, Malay or others. Subjects For this survey a entire Numberss of five bloggers from each age group as stated below are selected to take part in it: Group 1 – 20 to 30 old ages old Group 2 – 50to 60 old ages old These bloggers have to be bi- or multilingual in order to be selected, maintaining in head that English must be their chief medium of blogging. Lone entries with existent code-switching for illustration, alternation of different linguistic communications within the same entry are considered entries without incorporation of other linguistic communications is non considered as code-switching. The ground of restricting the range of the survey is to put a criterion and besides to homogenise the findings so that the informations collected can be more precise to peculiar age groups being studied. Data Collection The continuance for informations aggregation of this survey runs from September 2009 to March 2010. Therefore, in the period of six months, the entries posted by these 10 bloggers will be selected indiscriminately and analyzed, foregrounding the differences in forms and manners of code-switching in different spheres. At the same clip, questionnaires with consent signifiers will be distributed to these bloggers in the hope of happening the grounds why they code-switch from English to other linguistic communications and besides to detect the frequence of code-switching among them. Datas Analysis The information in this survey is analysed by utilizing the work of Montes-Alcala ( 2000 ) as a guideline. The spheres of which code-switching takes topographic point are noted from the entries of web logs collected. Then, the frequence of code-switching will be tabulated before analysis of findings. On the other manus, the distributed questionnaires will help in happening out under what fortunes or spheres does the bloggers code-switch? Thereafter, these spheres will be categorized and account for code-switching in each sphere will be included. Finally, a comparing of differences in manners and forms of code-switching among these bloggers will be drawn and analyzed. How to cite Comparative Study Of Styles And Patterns Of Code Switching, Essay examples

Rehabilitation of Heroin Drug Addicts

Question: Discuss about the Rehabilitation of Heroin Drug Addicts. Answer: Introduction: Drug addiction is a relapsing brain disease that is chronic and is characterized by the need to look for and use drugs regardless of their harmful effects ("The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction: The Basics", 2016). Substance abuse involves the introduction of drugs into the body. Therefore, the five primary methods of substance abuse include swallowing, smoking, snorting, suppositories, and injecting. The two main methods of addiction treatment are outpatient and inpatient treatment. These methods have various approaches that are used depending on the situation of the patients as well as the availability of the different resources that are necessary for the implementation of the programs. According to the Centers for Disease Control statics, more than a hundred people die to drugs in a day ("Drug Rehab Success Rates and Statistics", N.D). The methods of heroin addiction treatment and the various approaches towards the rehabilitation of drug addicts will be discussed in this essay to help in the understanding of the various issues surrounding drug addiction and recovery. The two primary methods for heroin abuse treatment are the behavioral and pharmacological treatment ("What are the treatments for heroin addiction?", 2014). The pharmacological treatment involves the substitution of tapering methadone. In addition, -2 Adrenergic agents can be used to substitute for antagonists when not available (Kleber, 2014). Although the withdrawals can be shortened by precipitating them with, the use if antagonists, studies show that it has safety issues and persisting symptoms (Kleber, 2014). The agonist maintenance therapies are essential since they lead to better results for heroin addicts especially when used with the residential therapeutic programs (Kleber, 2014; Patterson, N.D.) Therapy is the second treatment that can be used to help heroin addicts recover from their addiction. According to Utley et al. (2013), there are five types of therapies that can be used to help the heroin addicts recover efficiently. The first one is the cognitive behavioral therapy that helps a patient to recognize unhealthy thoughts and behaviors that contribute to the use of heroin. The second one is contingency management that focuses on the provision of positive reinforcements to the patient to motivate them to abstain from heroin use. The third type of therapy is motivational interviewing in which the therapist helps the patient in the identification and overcoming of hesitation. The fourth type of treatment is the matrix model that combines the various therapies to maximize the success rate of the program. The final type of therapy is the multidimensional family therapy that helps in the improvement of family functioning (Utley et al., 2013). Both the pharmacologic and treatment methods have individual programs that make them successful. An effective drug rehabilitation program must have several elements that will make the addiction treatment effective. Among the most important features that a drug rehabilitation program must have complete health evaluation, personalized treatment, counseling, and individual and group therapy ("Principles of Effective Treatment", 2012). It is essential to note that the various methods of addiction treatment are equally important to guarantee positive results. The reason for this is that the different approaches complement each other making the success rate of the rehabilitation program higher. On the other hand, the success rates of the treatment methods are lower whenever the individual approaches are used independently. The first minimum requirement of an effective treatment program is complete health evaluation. The assessment requires psychological interventions that are regarded as the central part of the individual psychotherapy in the rehabilitation counseling of the patients that are drug-dependent during the maintenance treatment of methadone in community programs (Popescu et al., 2014). Besides, it is essential that the need for psychological counseling is established since some patients require an extensive help to restore order to their lives. The requirement also involves behavior therapy, which is critical because it enhances interpersonal relationships as well the availability of individuals to work in both the family and community levels. The second minimum requirement of an effective treatment program is the personalized treatment that focuses on tailor-made care for people. It is essential since it helps the caregivers in the identification of key changes that can be made to ensure that reasonable progress is realized the epidemiological key figures. Studies show that it is easier to understand the effects of the intended treatment when the variables of a sub-group are given a more precise look (Stel, 2015). Besides, it helps to identify the specific needs of an individual thus avoiding chances of missing the point and choosing cheaper procedures that are ineffective. The third requirement for an effective treatment program is counseling. Counseling can be done using either of the three available options that include individual counseling, group counseling, and family counseling. The various types are critical and should be utilized during the treatment to ensure that patients recover fully and efficiently ("Drug Addiction Common Types of Drug Addiction Symptoms of Drug Abuse", N.D). The reason for this is that the individual counseling helps to identify the primary cause of the addiction and the development of life strategies that can contribute to improving sobriety. In addition, the group advice allows individuals to share stories and support with other recovering addicts (Marsh et al., 2007). On the other hand, the family counseling helps in the mending of the broken bonds within the family thus assist the patients to recover fast. The fourth primary requirement to an effective treatment program is individual and group therapy. The different therapeutic measures focus on individual members since they can influence and be influenced by the group they are born into. However, the group therapy is a powerful therapeutic tool since groups always have several rewarding benefits (1 Groups and Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005). For instance, the individuals within the groups can reduce chances of isolations and can witness the recovery of other members of the groups thus encouraging them to continue with the treatment program. Besides, groups are appropriate for treating issues that usually accompany drug abuse including isolation, depression, and shame (1 Groups and Substance Abuse Treatment, 2005). However, it is critical to note that the most efficient heroin addiction treatment program is one that utilizes both the pharmacologic and behavioral therapy options. In addition, the treatments success rate can be maximized by using the inpatient method. The reason for this is that the programs within the inpatient and residential treatment offer structure and safety (Utley et al., 2013). In addition, the patients are provided with comfort and security whenever health complications arise because they are monitored all the times in the inpatient rehabs and inpatient detox. Besides, the inpatient rehabs limit temptations from outside thus ensuring that the patients focus on getting healthy. Furthermore, the inpatient treatment facilities do not have to be concerned with relapse since the environment is drug-free for both the detox and treatment of the patients. There are no standardized ways to measure the success of addiction treatment programs. However, several people suggest that success rate indicators for the rehabilitation program include the completion of the program, rates of sobriety rates after treatment, interviews if the clients, and internal studies ("Drug Rehab Success Rates and Statistics", N.D). Although the various measures can be used to attempt to justify the success of the programs, the contention over the real measure of success will never end. As a result, it is not possible to set the duration that will mark a successful recovery method. For instance, some centers consider completion of the program as the measure of the success rate of the program ("Drug Rehab Success Rates and Statistics", N.D). Although it is not easy to settle on the best measure of addiction treatment success rate, it is possible to focus on certain actions that can promote the use of the programs. Besides, the high incidence of the utilization of the various treatment programs can be translated to increased success rates of the programs. Therefore, the success rate of the treatment options can be improved by acknowledging both the individual and program factors ("What helps people stay in treatment?", 2012). Among the different factors that should be considered include motivation, support from friends and family, and pressure from other institutions such as criminal justice and child protection services. Concerning the program, the clinicians have to build a positive therapeutic relationship with their patients to ensure they embrace the program fully. Drug addiction is the effect of substance abuse that makes an individual dependent on the drugs. The drugs can be abused through various methods including injection, snorting, smoking, swallowing, and suppositories. The two primary methods of addiction treatment are outpatient and inpatient. Both the methods have several approaches that are critical in helping to realize success in the fight against drug addictions. The various methods include complete health evaluation, personalized treatment, counseling, and individual and group therapy. Although the two primary methods may use the different approaches, the inpatient methods are the most efficient way of drug addiction treatment. There are no clear measures for success rates of addiction treatment program. However, some centers use distinct perspectives to measure their success rates. They include completion of the program, rates of sobriety rates after treatment, interviews if the clients, and internal studies. Center can also ack nowledge both the individual and program factors to increase the success rates of the various treatment programs. References Groups and Substance Abuse Treatment. (2005). National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64223/ Drug Addiction Common Types of Drug Addiction Symptoms of Drug Abuse. (N.D). Drugabuse.net. Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://www.drugabuse.net/drug-addiction/ Drug Rehab Success Rates and Statistics. (N.D). American Addiction Centers. Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://americanaddictioncenters.org/rehab-guide/success-rates-and-statistics/ Marsh, A., Dale, A., Willis, L. (2007). A Counsellors Guide to Working with Alcohol and Drug Users (2nd ed.). Drug and Alcohol Office. Retrieved from https://www.dao.health.wa.gov.au/vsu/resources/www.dao.health.wa.gov.au/Counsellors%20guide%20to%20working%20with%20alcohol%20and%20drug%20users.pdf Patterson, E. (N.D). Inpatient Treatment. DrugAbuse.com. Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://drugabuse.com/library/inpatient-treatment/ Popescu, G., Negrei, C., B?l?l?u, D., Ciobanu, A., Baconi, D. (N.D). The relevance of the psychological evaluation in drug dependence. PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4391414/ Principles of Effective Treatment. (2012). Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/principles-effective-treatment Stel, J. (2015). Precision in Addiction Care: Does It Make a Difference?. PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4654192/ The Science of Drug Abuse and Addiction: The Basics. (2016). Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/media-guide/science-drug-abuse-addiction-basics Utley, T., Milios, R., Skelly, S., Hovitz, H. (2013). Choosing Inpatient Rehab vs. Outpatient Rehabilitation. Recovery.org. Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://www.recovery.org/topics/choosing-inpatient-rehab-vs-outpatient-rehabilitation/ What are the treatments for heroin addiction?. (2014). Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/heroin/what-are-treatments-heroin-addiction What helps people stay in treatment?. (2012). Drugabuse.gov. Retrieved 8 January 2017, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/principles-drug-addiction-treatment-research-based-guide-third-edition/frequently-asked-questions/what-helps-people-stay-in-treatment